Kaingang/Grammar

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Parts of Speech

Conjunctions

ge ra - 'as so'; 'even so' hã jé - 'for this end' hã kato - ‘instead of this' hã kỹ - 'because of this' hã ra - 'but, on the contrary of' hã ri - ‘similar to’ hã to - ‘instead of’ hã tugrĩn - ‘por isso’ hã tỹ - ‘por isso’ jarĩnmỹ - ‘apesar’ jãvo - ‘ao contrário de, mas’ jo - ‘but’ kỹ - ‘então, por isso, para esse fim’ mũ ra - 'as so'; 'even so' mỹr’ - ‘meanwhile’

Interjections

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Subject
Person Singular Plural
1 inh
2 ã ãjag
3m ti ag
3f fi fag

Reflexive Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstratives
Anaphoric (leftwards reference) Exophoric close Exophoric far
ẽn tag (this) (that) (followed by circumstantial indicator)

Interrogative Pronouns

Who What When
ū ne hẽ

Relative Pronouns

Indefinite Pronouns

: Indefinite marker

Nouns

Verbs

Transitive Verbs

Transitive verbs need an object.

Intransitive Verbs

Intransitive verbs can't have an object.

Semitransitive Verbs

Semitransitive verbs need a posposition.

Vocatives

Markers

Aspect Markers

Perfective Aspect Markers

Imperfective Aspect Markers

Indicators of Circumstance

Modality Markers

Follows only verbs

Follows verbs, nouns, and other modality markers

Grammatical Mood Markers

Kaingang Approximate Meaning
inhhã ‘only, focus marker’
ge ‘thus’
‘as well’
ha ’emphatic now’
‘emphatic focus, assertive’
hẽ ‘don't do!’
hẽ’ ‘it can't be done!’
hur ‘already’
huri ‘already’
hỹn ‘probably’
hỹn ‘where?’
ker ‘continued habitually, does not stop happening’
kur ‘fast,quickly, hurriedly’
mỹr ‘it's true, truthfully’
nẽji ‘as I have heard, it is said’
sir ‘thus, important information’
-' ‘doubtedly, emphatic focus marker, assertive’
[Diccionario PT-KG, p159]

Subject Markers

Singular and Plural