Difference between revisions of "Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar"

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'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''  
 
'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.'''  
  
*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh mré nĩ fi vỹ tỹ, inh kafã fi nĩ.|
+
*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh mré nĩ fi vỹ tỹ, inh kafã fi nĩ.|Minha esposa é minha companheira.}}
Minha esposa é minha companheira.}}
 
 
*:{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}} mré{{tag|n}} nĩ{{tag|asp}} fi{{tag|prn}} vỹ{{tag|su}} tỹ{{tag|ex}}, inh{{tag|prn}} kafã{{tag|n}} fi{{tag|prn}} nĩ<asp>.{{tag|sent}}|Minha{{tag|prn}} esposa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} é{{tag|vblex}} minha{{tag|prn}} companheira{{tag|n}}.{{tag|sent}}}}
 
*:{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}} mré{{tag|n}} nĩ{{tag|asp}} fi{{tag|prn}} vỹ{{tag|su}} tỹ{{tag|ex}}, inh{{tag|prn}} kafã{{tag|n}} fi{{tag|prn}} nĩ<asp>.{{tag|sent}}|Minha{{tag|prn}} esposa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} é{{tag|vblex}} minha{{tag|prn}} companheira{{tag|n}}.{{tag|sent}}}}
  

Revision as of 18:59, 16 April 2019


Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.

  • (kgp) Inh mré nĩ fi vỹ tỹ, inh kafã fi nĩ. → (por) Minha esposa é minha companheira.
    (kgp) Inh<prn> mré<n><asp> fi<prn> vỹ<su> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.<sent> → (por) Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<vblex> minha<prn> companheira<n>.<sent>

Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.

Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>.

"My wife is my companion."

  • (kgp) kur → (por) roupa
(kgp) kur<n> → (por) roupa<n><f>}

Nũgnũj<n><dep><pl> ti<prn> nĩ<asp>, ã<prn> kur<n> ti<prn>.

A<det> sua<prn><det><3p><f> roupa<n><f> está<v><3p><sg> dobrada<adj><f>

"Your clothes are folded"


2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.

  • (kgp) tỹ → (por) meu
(kgp) tỹ<subj><erg> → (por) meu<prn><m>}

Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.

Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.

"My youngest son died"

  • (kgp) vỹ → (por) o
(kgp) vỹ<subj> → (por) o<det><m>}

São Paulo<n> vỹ<subj>, rã jur ja tá<cir> nĩ<asp>.

São Paulo<n> fica<v> n<pr>o<det> leste<n>

"Sao Paulo is eastwards"


3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.

  • (kgp) kãfór → (por) maior
(kgp) kãfór<n><dep> → (por) maior<adj><m>

Téj<n><dep><sg> ki<cir> tóg<subj>, ti<prn> panh<n><dep> kãfór<n><dep> nĩ<asp>, kyrũ<n><sg> ti<prn>.

O<det><m> moço<n> é<v> mais alto<adj> que o<det> pai<n> d<pr>ele<prn>.


4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.

  • (kgp) nĩ → (por) é
(kgp) nĩ<asp> → (por) é<v>

Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.

É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’

"He is his brother-in-law."


  • (kgp) nĩ → (por) é
(kgp) nĩ<asp> → (por) é<v>

Inh<prn> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ<ex> ũn<prn><rel> há<n><dep> nĩ-ve<v><iv> nĩ<asp>.

Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’

"I have the impression that he is good"


5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.

  • (kgp) ẽprã → (por) em
(kgp) ẽprã<cir> → (por) em<pr>

Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>!

Senta<v><3p> n<pr>o<det> chão<n><masc>!

Sit on the floor!

  • (kgp) jagfy → (por) por
(kgp) jagfy<cir> → (por) por<pr>

Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.

Por<pr> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.

"Jesus died for us."