Difference between revisions of "Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar"
Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.''' | '''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.''' | ||
− | *{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh mré nĩ fi vỹ tỹ, inh kafã fi nĩ.| | + | *{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh mré nĩ fi vỹ tỹ, inh kafã fi nĩ.|Minha esposa é minha companheira.}} |
− | Minha esposa é minha companheira.}} | ||
*:{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}} mré{{tag|n}} nĩ{{tag|asp}} fi{{tag|prn}} vỹ{{tag|su}} tỹ{{tag|ex}}, inh{{tag|prn}} kafã{{tag|n}} fi{{tag|prn}} nĩ<asp>.{{tag|sent}}|Minha{{tag|prn}} esposa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} é{{tag|vblex}} minha{{tag|prn}} companheira{{tag|n}}.{{tag|sent}}}} | *:{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}} mré{{tag|n}} nĩ{{tag|asp}} fi{{tag|prn}} vỹ{{tag|su}} tỹ{{tag|ex}}, inh{{tag|prn}} kafã{{tag|n}} fi{{tag|prn}} nĩ<asp>.{{tag|sent}}|Minha{{tag|prn}} esposa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} é{{tag|vblex}} minha{{tag|prn}} companheira{{tag|n}}.{{tag|sent}}}} | ||
Revision as of 18:59, 16 April 2019
Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:
1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.
- (kgp) Inh mré nĩ fi vỹ tỹ, inh kafã fi nĩ. → (por) Minha esposa é minha companheira.
- (kgp) Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<su> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.<sent> → (por) Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<vblex> minha<prn> companheira<n>.<sent>
Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.
Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>.
"My wife is my companion."
- (kgp) kur → (por) roupa
- (kgp) kur<n> → (por) roupa<n><f>}
Nũgnũj<n><dep><pl> ti<prn> nĩ<asp>, ã<prn> kur<n> ti<prn>.
A<det> sua<prn><det><3p><f> roupa<n><f> está<v><3p><sg> dobrada<adj><f>
"Your clothes are folded"
2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.
- (kgp) tỹ → (por) meu
- (kgp) tỹ<subj><erg> → (por) meu<prn><m>}
Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.
Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.
"My youngest son died"
- (kgp) vỹ → (por) o
- (kgp) vỹ<subj> → (por) o<det><m>}
São Paulo<n> vỹ<subj>, rã jur ja tá<cir> nĩ<asp>.
São Paulo<n> fica<v> n<pr>o<det> leste<n>
"Sao Paulo is eastwards"
3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.
- (kgp) kãfór → (por) maior
- (kgp) kãfór<n><dep> → (por) maior<adj><m>
Téj<n><dep><sg> ki<cir> tóg<subj>, ti<prn> panh<n><dep> kãfór<n><dep> nĩ<asp>, kyrũ<n><sg> ti<prn>.
O<det><m> moço<n> é<v> mais alto<adj> que o<det> pai<n> d<pr>ele<prn>.
4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.
- (kgp) nĩ → (por) é
- (kgp) nĩ<asp> → (por) é<v>
Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.
É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’
"He is his brother-in-law."
- (kgp) nĩ → (por) é
- (kgp) nĩ<asp> → (por) é<v>
Inh<prn> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ<ex> ũn<prn><rel> há<n><dep> nĩ-ve<v><iv> nĩ<asp>.
Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’
"I have the impression that he is good"
5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.
- (kgp) ẽprã → (por) em
- (kgp) ẽprã<cir> → (por) em<pr>
Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>!
Senta<v><3p> n<pr>o<det> chão<n><masc>!
Sit on the floor!
- (kgp) jagfy → (por) por
- (kgp) jagfy<cir> → (por) por<pr>
Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.
Por<pr> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.
"Jesus died for us."