Difference between revisions of "Khasi/Grammar"
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− | * According to Eugénie J. A. Henderson, "overt prefixes of less common occurrence include shi- ‘one'; mar- ‘facing, matching’; kat- ‘to such a degree’; kum- ‘like’; hang- ‘place where | + | * According to Eugénie J. A. Henderson, "overt prefixes of less common occurrence include shi- ‘one'; mar- ‘facing, matching’; kat- ‘to such a degree’; kum- ‘like’; hang- ‘place where.’" |
Spellrelax: with the 'jing' prefix, sometimes g is dropped. Furthermore, sometimes 'jing' is written as a separate word. | Spellrelax: with the 'jing' prefix, sometimes g is dropped. Furthermore, sometimes 'jing' is written as a separate word. |
Revision as of 22:35, 8 February 2017
Contents
Parts of speech
Nouns
Gender and Number
- Articles 'ka' and 'u' function respectively as the feminine and masculine singular articles. They typically come before nouns.
- ka khun<n><sg><f> ↔ 'daughter'
- u khun<n><sg><m> ↔ 'son'
- The gender of a noun cannot be shown by the article in the plural, as the plural article is 'ki', and it carries no gender. Instead, a marker-word is often attached to indicate gender, such as the most general 'kynthei' meaning female and 'shinrang' meaning male.
- ki lang-kynthei<n><pl><f> ↔ 'she-goats', 'ewes'
- ki lang-shinrang<n><pl><m> ↔ 'he-goats', 'rams'
- There are more specific terms for some words. These specific terms are often epithets describing a feature of a male or female of such a word. For example:
- ki massi-kyrtong<n><pl><m> ↔ 'bulls', 'male cows'
- massi<n> ↔ 'cow'
- kyrtong<adj><m> ↔ 'fat', 'strong'
- ki massi-kyrtong<n><pl><m> ↔ 'bulls', 'male cows'
Case
Morphology
Abstract Nouns
- Most abstract nouns are formed by adding the prefix 'jing' to a a verb or adjective or by applying the feminine singular article 'ka' to an adjective
- ka jingleh<n> ↔ 'action'
- leh<inf> ↔ 'to do'
- ka babha<n> ↔ 'the good'
- babha<adj> ↔ 'good'
- ka jingleh<n> ↔ 'action'
- Sometimes the 'ka' + adjective formation drops the 'ba' prefix found in an adjective
- ka suk<n> ↔ 'happiness'
- suk<adj> ↔ 'happy'
- ka suk<n> ↔ 'happiness'
- Some words formed like abstract nouns might actually be common nouns that used to be abstract nouns.
- ka jing khang <n> ↔ 'a door', lit 'a shutting'
Agentive Marker
- 'nong' attaches to verb to create a noun
- nongtuh <n> ↔ 'thief'
- tuh <inf> ↔ 'to steal'
- nongtuh <n> ↔ 'thief'
Other Prefixes
- According to Eugénie J. A. Henderson, "overt prefixes of less common occurrence include shi- ‘one'; mar- ‘facing, matching’; kat- ‘to such a degree’; kum- ‘like’; hang- ‘place where.’"
Spellrelax: with the 'jing' prefix, sometimes g is dropped. Furthermore, sometimes 'jing' is written as a separate word.
Verbs
- kyrhuh<vblex><pres><actv> ↔ 'roar'
- bam<vblex><pres><actv> ↔ 'eat'
Adjectives
- babha<adj> ↔ 'good'
- barit<adj> ↔ 'small'
Prepositions
- jong<pr> ↔ 'of'
- ha<pr> ↔ 'in, to, at, on'
Pronouns
- nga<prn> ↔ 'I'
- ngi<prn> ↔ 'we'