Khasi and Wôpanâak/ContrastiveGrammars

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Differences in Grammar

Wôpanâak has an animate/inanimate distinction for verbs, while Khasi does not

  • (kha) thaw → (wam) ayum
  • (kha) thaw<v> → (wam) ayum<v><aa><tv><p3><sg>

Wôpanâak does not have articles, while Khasi does

  • (kha) ka bneng → (wam) keesuk
  • (kha) ka<art><f><sg> bneng<n> → (wam) keesuk<n><nn><sg>

Wôpanâak has morphology determining person and number for verbs, while Khasi does not

  • (kha) thaw → (wam) ayum
  • (kha) thaw<v> → (wam) ayum<v><aa><tv><p3><sg>

Wôpanâak has morphology determining tense, while Khasi has a separate particle

  • (kha) la long → (wam) mô
  • (kha) la<pastPar> long<v> → (wam) mô<v><indef><past>

Khasi is SVO, while word order in Wôpanâak is somewhat arbitrary (and somewhat VSO)

  • (kha) U Blei u la ong, to long ka jingshai, bad ka jingshai ka la long → (wam) nȣwau God wequaiach kah mô wequai
  • (kha) U<art><m><sg> Blei<n> u<art><m><sg> la<pastPar> ong<v> to<imp><v> long<v> ka<art><f><sg> jingshai<n> bad<coocnj> ka<art><f><sg> jingshai<n> ka<art><f><sg> la<pastPar> long<v> → (wam) nȣwau<v><aa><iv><p3><sg> God<n><aa><sg> wequaiach<v><nn><imp><p3><sg> kah<coocnj><v><indef><past> wequai<n><nn><sg>

Kha-Wam tests

(kha) U Blei la thaw ia ka bneng bad ia ka khyndew → (wam) ayum God keesuk kah ahkee

(kha) U<art><m><sg> Blei<n> la<pastPar> thaw<v> ia<dirObj> ka<art><f><sg> bneng<n> bad<coocnj> ia<dirObj> ka<art><f><sg> khyndew<n> → (wam) ayum<v><aa><tv><p3><sg> God<n><aa><sg> keesuk<n><nn><sg> kah<coocnj> ahkee<n><n><sg>

  • English gloss: God created heaven and earth

(kha) U Blei u la ong, to long ka jingshai, bad ka jingshai ka la long → (wam) nȣwau God wequaiach kah mô wequai

(kha) U<art><m><sg> Blei<n> u<art><m><sg> la<pastPar> ong<v> to<imp><v> long<v> ka<art><f><sg> jingshai<n> bad<coocnj> ka<art><f><sg> jingshai<n> ka<art><f><sg> la<pastPar> long<v> → (wam) nȣwau<v><aa><iv><p3><sg> God<n><aa><sg> wequaiach<v><nn><imp><p3><sg> kah<coocnj><v><indef><past> wequai<n><nn><sg>

  • English gloss: God said, “Let [there] be light,” and light was.
  • NOTE: we only need two tests to demonstrate all five of our contrasting grammar points

Wam-Kha tests

(wam) ayum God keesuk kah ahkee → (kha) U Blei la thaw ia ka bneng bad ia ka khyndew

(wam) ayum<v><aa><tv><p3><sg> God<n><aa><sg> keesuk<n><nn><sg> kah<coocnj> ahkee<n><n><sg> → (kha) U<art><m><sg> Blei<n> la<pastPar> thaw<v> ia<dirObj> ka<art><f><sg> bneng<n> bad<coocnj> ia<dirObj> ka<art><f><sg> khyndew<n>

  • English gloss: God created heaven and earth

(wam) nȣwau God wequaiach kah mô wequai → (kha) U Blei u la ong, to long ka jingshai, bad ka jingshai ka la long

(wam) nȣwau<v><aa><iv><p3><sg> God<n><aa><sg> wequaiach<v><nn><imp><p3><sg> kah<coocnj><v><indef><past> wequai<n><nn><sg> → (kha) U<art><m><sg> Blei<n> u<art><m><sg> la<pastPar> ong<v> to<imp><v> long<v> ka<art><f><sg> jingshai<n> bad<coocnj> ka<art><f><sg> jingshai<n> ka<art><f><sg> la<pastPar> long<v>

  • English gloss: God said, “Let [there] be light,” and light was.
  • NOTE: we only need two tests to demonstrate all five of our contrasting grammar points