Khasi and Wôpanâak/ContrastiveGrammars
Differences in Grammar (with tests)
Wôpanâak has an animate/inanimate distinction for verbs, while Khasi does not
- (kha) thaw → (wam) ayum
- (kha) thaw<v> → (wam) ayum<v><aa><tv><p3><sg>
- (wam) ayum → (kha) thaw
- (wam) ayum<v><aa><tv><p3><sg> → (kha) thaw<v>
Wôpanâak does not have articles, while Khasi does
- (kha) ka bneng → (wam) keesuk
- (kha) ka<art><f><sg> bneng<n> → (wam) keesuk<n><nn><sg>
- (wam) keesuk → (kha) ka bneng
- (wam) keesuk<n><nn><sg> → (kha) ka<art><f><sg> bneng<n>
Wôpanâak has morphology determining person and number for verbs, while Khasi does not
- (kha) thaw → (wam) ayum
- (kha) thaw<v> → (wam) ayum<v><aa><tv><p3><sg>
- (wam) ayum → (kha) thaw
- (wam) ayum<v><aa><tv><p3><sg> → (kha) thaw<v>
Wôpanâak has morphology determining tense, while Khasi has a separate particle
- (kha) la long → (wam) mô
- (kha) la<pastPar> long<v> → (wam) mô<v><indef><past>
- (wam) mô → (kha) la long
- (wam) mô<v><indef><past> → (kha) la<pastPar> long<v>
Khasi is SVO, while word order in Wôpanâak is somewhat arbitrary (and somewhat VSO)
- (kha) U Blei u la ong, to long ka jingshai, bad ka jingshai ka la long → (wam) nȣwau God wequaiach kah mô wequai
- (kha) U<art><m><sg> Blei<n> u<art><m><sg> la<pastPar> ong<v> to<imp><v> long<v> ka<art><f><sg> jingshai<n> bad<coocnj> ka<art><f><sg> jingshai<n> ka<art><f><sg> la<pastPar> long<v> → (wam) nȣwau<v><aa><iv><p3><sg> God<n><aa><sg> wequaiach<v><nn><imp><p3><sg> kah<coocnj> mô<v><indef><past> wequai<n><nn><sg>
- (wam) nȣwau God wequaiach kah mô wequai → (kha) U Blei u la ong, to long ka jingshai, bad ka jingshai ka la long
- (wam) nȣwau<v><aa><iv><p3><sg> God<n><aa><sg> wequaiach<v><nn><imp><p3><sg> kah<coocnj> mô<v><indef><past> wequai<n><nn><sg> → (kha) U<art><m><sg> Blei<n> u<art><m><sg> la<pastPar> ong<v> to<imp><v> long<v> ka<art><f><sg> jingshai<n> bad<coocnj> ka<art><f><sg> jingshai<n> ka<art><f><sg> la<pastPar> long<v>
Further Kha-Wam test
(kha) U Blei la thaw ia ka bneng bad ia ka khyndew → (wam) ayum God keesuk kah ahkee
(kha) U<art><m><sg> Blei<n> la<pastPar> thaw<v> ia<dirObj> ka<art><f><sg> bneng<n> bad<coocnj> ia<dirObj> ka<art><f><sg> khyndew<n> → (wam) ayum<v><aa><tv><p3><sg> God<n><aa><sg> keesuk<n><nn><sg> kah<coocnj> ahkee<n><n><sg>
- English gloss: God created heaven and earth
Further Wam-Kha test
(wam) ayum God keesuk kah ahkee → (kha) U Blei la thaw ia ka bneng bad ia ka khyndew
(wam) ayum<v><aa><tv><p3><sg> God<n><aa><sg> keesuk<n><nn><sg> kah<coocnj> ahkee<n><n><sg> → (kha) U<art><m><sg> Blei<n> la<pastPar> thaw<v> ia<dirObj> ka<art><f><sg> bneng<n> bad<coocnj> ia<dirObj> ka<art><f><sg> khyndew<n>
- English gloss: God created heaven and earth