Difference between revisions of "Lakota/Grammar"

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Sources include [http://www.fa-kuan.de/LAKSTRUCT.HTML Lakota Basic Structures], the Lakota language [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota_language#Grammar Wikipedia] and David V Kaufmann's Lakota Grammar Handbook.
 
Sources include [http://www.fa-kuan.de/LAKSTRUCT.HTML Lakota Basic Structures], the Lakota language [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota_language#Grammar Wikipedia] and David V Kaufmann's Lakota Grammar Handbook.
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{{comment|This is the English-language Wikipedia's article on the Lakota language, not the Lakota-language Wikipedia. -Jonathan}}
  
 
== Parts of Speech ==
 
== Parts of Speech ==

Revision as of 10:47, 1 April 2022

This is a general documentation of Lakota Grammar. NOTE: add ten grammar points (see wikipedia??)

Sources include Lakota Basic Structures, the Lakota language Wikipedia and David V Kaufmann's Lakota Grammar Handbook.

This is the English-language Wikipedia's article on the Lakota language, not the Lakota-language Wikipedia. -Jonathan

Parts of Speech

Open Class

Nouns

Nouns <n> in Lakota appear in <subj><obj><v> order.

  • pȟasù<n> ↔ (nose)
  • tȟahù<n> ↔ (neck)
  • pȟanȟté<n> ↔ (forehead)
  • igmú<n> ↔ (cat)
  • šún<n> ↔ (dog)
  • maká<n> ↔ (skunk)
  • čhuŋwíyapehe<n> ↔ (grapes)
  • tȟaspáŋ<n> ↔ (apple)
  • zíškopela<n> ↔ (banana)
  • wažúšteča<n> ↔ (strawberry)
  • bló<n> ↔ (potato)
  • pšíŋ<n> ↔ (onion)
  • wanúŋ<n> ↔ (accident)
  • wóyazaŋ<n> ↔ (pain)
  • úta<n> ↔ (acorn)
  • ziŋtkázi<n> ↔ (canary)
  • mniwáŋca<n> ↔ (ocean)
  • waŋyéca<n> ↔ (firefly)
  • magáju<n> ↔ (rain)
  • skelúta<n> ↔ (oriole)
  • míla<n> ↔ (knife)
  • waskúyeca<n> ↔ (jam)

Verbs

Verbs <v> are an essential part of the Lakota language in that they are the only part of speech necessary in forming a sentence.

  • máni<v><inf> ↔ (to walk)
  • mawáni<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to walk)
  • wótA<v><inf> ↔ (to eat)
  • wáte<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to eat)
  • ičú<v><inf> ↔ (to take)
  • iwáču<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to take)
  • k'ú<v><inf> ↔ (to give to)
  • wak'ú<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to give to)
  • lol'iȟ'aŋ<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to cook)
  • íŋyaŋkA<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to run)
  • škátA<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to play)
  • watúkȟa<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to be tired)
  • ičháǧA<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to grow)
  • ištíŋmA<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to sleep)
  • íyotakA<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to sit down)
  • čhéyA<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to cry)
  • ípuzA<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to be thirsty)
  • heyÁ<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to say that)
  • šíčA<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to be bad)

I don't understand the <sg> thing. What does this mean, and how does it contrast from absence of that? -Jonathan

Adverbs

  • "adjectives" do not seem to exist and neither do "adverbs" ; the syntactical structure is better described as "topic and comment."

Closed Class

Postpositions

Lakota uses postpositions <post> rather than prepositions; they work in a similar way to English prepositions though they follow their noun complement. Adpositions occur after the head <n>.

  • mas'óphiye<n> (store) ↔ mas'óphiye él<n><post> (at the store)
    • Here the translation should not be in the morphTest, and the postposition should not have a <n> tag. Try making separate morphTests for the noun and the postposition. -JNW
  • Wówapi kiŋ wáglutapi kiŋ akáŋl<post> yaŋké. The book is sitting on the table.
  • Wóžuha kiŋ oyúŋke kiŋ oȟláthe<post> yaŋké. The bag is sitting under the bed.
  • Šiyútakaŋ kiŋ akáŋwowapi kiŋ isákhib<post> yaŋké. The laptop is sitting beside the desk.
  • Wíčazo kiŋ oákaŋke kiŋ itȟókab<post> yaŋké. The pencil is sitting in front of the chair.

Conjunctions

  • čhaŋké<cnjcoo> ↔ (and)
  • yuŋkȟáŋ<cnjcoo> ↔ (and)
  • k’éyaš<cnjcoo> ↔ (but)
  • na<cnjcoo> ↔ (joins nouns/phrases)

Articles

The definite article "kiŋ"<def> is used to denote "the", while the indefinite article "waŋ"<ind> is used in cases where "a" would be used in English.

  • kiŋ<def> ↔ (the)
  • waŋ<ind> ↔ (a)

Demonstratives

There are nine demonstratives <dem> in Lakota, and they can function as either determiners <det> or pronouns <prn>. They are dependent on plurality and distance from speakers and listeners.

  • <dem><sg> ↔ (this)
  • lená<dem><pl> ↔ (these)