Difference between revisions of "Lakota/Grammar"
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Sources include [http://www.fa-kuan.de/LAKSTRUCT.HTML Lakota Basic Structures], the Lakota language [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota_language#Grammar Wikipedia] and David V Kaufmann's Lakota Grammar Handbook. | Sources include [http://www.fa-kuan.de/LAKSTRUCT.HTML Lakota Basic Structures], the Lakota language [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota_language#Grammar Wikipedia] and David V Kaufmann's Lakota Grammar Handbook. | ||
− | {{comment| | + | {{comment|The above link is to the English-language Wikipedia's article on the Lakota language, not the Lakota-language Wikipedia. -Jonathan}} |
== Parts of Speech == | == Parts of Speech == |
Revision as of 10:48, 1 April 2022
This is a general documentation of Lakota Grammar. NOTE: add ten grammar points (see wikipedia??)
Sources include Lakota Basic Structures, the Lakota language Wikipedia and David V Kaufmann's Lakota Grammar Handbook.
The above link is to the English-language Wikipedia's article on the Lakota language, not the Lakota-language Wikipedia. -Jonathan
Contents
Parts of Speech
Open Class
Nouns
Nouns <n> in Lakota appear in <subj><obj><v> order.
- pȟasù<n> ↔ (nose)
- tȟahù<n> ↔ (neck)
- pȟanȟté<n> ↔ (forehead)
- igmú<n> ↔ (cat)
- šún<n> ↔ (dog)
- maká<n> ↔ (skunk)
- čhuŋwíyapehe<n> ↔ (grapes)
- tȟaspáŋ<n> ↔ (apple)
- zíškopela<n> ↔ (banana)
- wažúšteča<n> ↔ (strawberry)
- bló<n> ↔ (potato)
- pšíŋ<n> ↔ (onion)
- wanúŋ<n> ↔ (accident)
- wóyazaŋ<n> ↔ (pain)
- úta<n> ↔ (acorn)
- ziŋtkázi<n> ↔ (canary)
- mniwáŋca<n> ↔ (ocean)
- waŋyéca<n> ↔ (firefly)
- magáju<n> ↔ (rain)
- skelúta<n> ↔ (oriole)
- míla<n> ↔ (knife)
- waskúyeca<n> ↔ (jam)
Verbs
Verbs <v> are an essential part of the Lakota language in that they are the only part of speech necessary in forming a sentence.
- máni<v><inf> ↔ (to walk)
- mawáni<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to walk)
- wótA<v><inf> ↔ (to eat)
- wáte<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to eat)
- ičú<v><inf> ↔ (to take)
- iwáču<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to take)
- k'ú<v><inf> ↔ (to give to)
- wak'ú<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to give to)
- lol'iȟ'aŋ<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to cook)
- íŋyaŋkA<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to run)
- škátA<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to play)
- watúkȟa<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to be tired)
- ičháǧA<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to grow)
- ištíŋmA<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to sleep)
- íyotakA<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to sit down)
- čhéyA<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to cry)
- ípuzA<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to be thirsty)
- heyÁ<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to say that)
- šíčA<v><inf><sg> ↔ (to be bad)
I don't understand the <sg> thing. What does this mean, and how does it contrast from absence of that? -Jonathan
Adverbs
- "adjectives" do not seem to exist and neither do "adverbs" ; the syntactical structure is better described as "topic and comment."
Closed Class
Postpositions
Lakota uses postpositions <post> rather than prepositions; they work in a similar way to English prepositions though they follow their noun complement. Adpositions occur after the head <n>.
- mas'óphiye<n> (store) ↔ mas'óphiye él<n><post> (at the store)
- Here the translation should not be in the morphTest, and the postposition should not have a <n> tag. Try making separate morphTests for the noun and the postposition. -JNW
- Wówapi kiŋ wáglutapi kiŋ akáŋl<post> yaŋké. The book is sitting on the table.
- Wóžuha kiŋ oyúŋke kiŋ oȟláthe<post> yaŋké. The bag is sitting under the bed.
- Šiyútakaŋ kiŋ akáŋwowapi kiŋ isákhib<post> yaŋké. The laptop is sitting beside the desk.
- Wíčazo kiŋ oákaŋke kiŋ itȟókab<post> yaŋké. The pencil is sitting in front of the chair.
Conjunctions
- čhaŋké<cnjcoo> ↔ (and)
- yuŋkȟáŋ<cnjcoo> ↔ (and)
- k’éyaš<cnjcoo> ↔ (but)
- na<cnjcoo> ↔ (joins nouns/phrases)
Articles
The definite article "kiŋ"<def> is used to denote "the", while the indefinite article "waŋ"<ind> is used in cases where "a" would be used in English.
- kiŋ<def> ↔ (the)
- waŋ<ind> ↔ (a)
Demonstratives
There are nine demonstratives <dem> in Lakota, and they can function as either determiners <det> or pronouns <prn>. They are dependent on plurality and distance from speakers and listeners.
- lé<dem><sg> ↔ (this)
- lená<dem><pl> ↔ (these)