Difference between revisions of "Magahi/Grammar"

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== Plural Forms ==
 
== Plural Forms ==
* Plurality is expressed via the suffix "-an", and if the final vowel is long, shorten it:
+
* Plurality is expressed via the suffix "-अन", and if the final vowel is long, shorten it:
** {{morphTest|ghorā{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|ghōran}}<ref name="grierson">Linguistic Survey of India</ref>
+
** {{morphTest|घोरा{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|गोरन​​}}
** {{morphTest|bail{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|bailan}}<ref name="grierson">The Indo-Aryan Languages</ref>
+
** {{morphTest|बैल​{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|बैलन}}
** {{morphTest|cor{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|coran}}<ref name="grierson">The Indo-Aryan Languages</ref>
+
** {{morphTest|चोर​{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|चोरन}}
* It can also be expressed by adding the word "sab" or "log" for human noun after the singular form:
+
 
** {{morphTest|phal{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|phal sab}}<ref name="grierson">The Indo-Aryan Languages</ref>
+
* It can also be expressed by adding the word "सब" or "लोग" for human noun after the singular form:
** {{morphTest|rājā{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|rājā log}}<ref name="grierson">The Indo-Aryan Languages</ref>
+
** {{morphTest|फल{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|फल सब}}
** {{morphTest|mālī{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|mālī log}}<ref name="grierson">The Indo-Aryan Languages</ref>
+
** {{morphTest|राजा{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|राजा लोग}}
 +
** {{morphTest|माली{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|माली लोग}}
  
 
== Case ==
 
== Case ==
 
None of these cases can be applied to the plural form of a noun.
 
None of these cases can be applied to the plural form of a noun.
* You can form the locative case by adding the suffix "-ē." If the noun ended in "ā", it gets removed and if it ended in "ī" or "ū," the vowel gets shortened.
+
* You can form the locative case by adding the suffix "-ē". If the noun ended in "ā", it gets removed and if it ended in "ī" or "ū", the vowel gets shortened.
** {{morphTest|ghorā{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|ghōrē}}<ref name="grierson">Linguistic Survey of India</ref>
+
** {{morphTest|घोरा{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|घोरे}}
** {{morphTest|bail{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|bailē}}<ref name="grierson">The Indo-Aryan Languages</ref>
+
** {{morphTest|बैल​{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|बैले}}
** {{morphTest|cor{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|corē}}<ref name="grierson">The Indo-Aryan</ref>
+
** {{morphTest|चोर{{tag|n}}{{tag|loc}}|चोरे}}
  
 
* You can form the instrumental case by adding the suffix "-ē̃." The same process of removing or shortening vowels as in the locative applies.
 
* You can form the instrumental case by adding the suffix "-ē̃." The same process of removing or shortening vowels as in the locative applies.
** {{morphTest|phal{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|phalē̃}}<ref name="grierson">The Indo-Aryan Languages</ref>
+
** {{morphTest|फल​{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}}|फलेँ}}
** {{morphTest|rājā{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|rājē̃}}<ref name="grierson">The Indo-Aryan Languages</ref>
+
** {{morphTest|राजा{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}}|राजेँ}}
** {{morphTest|mālī{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|māliē̃}}<ref name="grierson">The Indo-Aryan Languages</ref>
+
** {{morphTest|माली{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}}|मालिएँँ}}
  
* Other cases may be indicated using postpositions.
+
* Other cases may be indicated using postpositions. When doing so, the noun must be in the oblique form. If it ends in a vowel, the oblique is the same as the nominative. If the noun ends in a consonant, then you can optionally add the "-e" suffix.
 +
** {{morphTest|घोरा​{{tag|n}}{{tag|obl}}|घोरा}}
 +
** {{morphTest|बैल{{tag|n}}{{tag|obl}}|बैले}}
 +
** {{morphTest|चोर{{tag|n}}{{tag|obl}}|चोर}}
  
 
= Pronouns =
 
= Pronouns =
 
== Personal Pronouns ==
 
== Personal Pronouns ==
 +
* {{morphTest|हम{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|हम​​}}
 +
* {{morphTest|हम{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|हमानी​​}}
 +
* {{morphTest|हम{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obl}}|हमारा}}
 +
* {{morphTest|तु{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|तु​​}}
 +
* {{morphTest|तु{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|तोहनि}}
 +
* {{morphTest|तु{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}|तोर​​}}
 +
* {{morphTest|इ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|hi}}{{tag|obl}}|इनकारा​​}}
 +
* {{morphTest|इ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|gen}}|तोहारा​​}}
 +
* {{morphTest|इ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|hi}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|obl}}|इनकर​​}}
 +
* {{morphTest|इ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|hi}}{{tag|prx}}{{tag|gen}}|इनकारा​​}}
 
{|class="wikitable sortable"
 
{|class="wikitable sortable"
 
! Person !! Singular!! Sg.Genitive !! Sg. Oblique !! Plural
 
! Person !! Singular!! Sg.Genitive !! Sg. Oblique !! Plural
 
|-
 
|-
 
! First
 
! First
| ham || hamar || hamara || hamani
+
| हम|| हमार|| हमारा|| हमानि
 
|-
 
|-
 
! Second  
 
! Second  
| tu || tor || tora || tohani
+
| तु|| तोर|| तोरा|| तोहनि
 
|-
 
|-
 
! Second Honorific
 
! Second Honorific
| || tohar || tohara ||  
+
| || तोहार|| तोहारा ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
! Third Proximate  
 
! Third Proximate  
| i || ekar || ekara || i (sab)
+
| | || एकर || एकारा || इ (सब)
 
|-
 
|-
 
! Third Proximate Honorific
 
! Third Proximate Honorific
| || inkar || inkara ||  
+
| || इनकर ​|| इनकारा||  
 
|-
 
|-
 
! Third Non-Proximate
 
! Third Non-Proximate
| u || okara || okara || u (sab)
+
| | || ओकर || ओकारा || उ (सब)
 
|-
 
|-
 
! Third Non-Proximate Honorific
 
! Third Non-Proximate Honorific
| || unkar || unkara||  
+
| || उनकर || उनकारा ||  
 
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
= Demonstratives =
 
= Demonstratives =
 +
* {{morphTest|इ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|nom}}|इ​​}}
 +
* {{morphTest|इ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|det}}{{tag|itg}}{{tag|gen}}|केकर}}
 +
* {{morphTest|इ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|det}}{{tag|rel}}{{tag|obl}}|जेकरा}}
 +
* {{morphTest|इ{{tag|prn}}{{tag|det}}{{tag|correl}}{{tag|obl}}|जेकरा}}
 +
{|class="wikitable sortable"
 +
! !! Demonstrative !! Interrogative !! Relative !! Correlative
 +
|-
 +
! Nominative
 +
|| इ/उ || का/के (human)|| जे || से/ते
 +
|-
 +
! Genitive
 +
|| एकर/ओकर || केकर || जेकर || सेकर/तेकर
 +
|-
 +
! Oblique
 +
|| एकरा/ओकरा || केकरा || जेकरा || सेकरा/तेकरा
 +
|-
 +
! Attributive
 +
|| इ/उ || के/कौन || जे/जौन || से
 +
|-
 +
! Adjectival
 +
|| ऐसन/ऑइसन || कैसन || जैसन || तैसान
 +
|-
 +
! Quantitative
 +
|| एतना/ओतना || केतना || जेतना || तेतन
 +
|-
 +
! Manner adv.
 +
|| ऐसे/ओइसे || कैसे || जैसे || तैसे
 +
|-
 +
! Place adv.
 +
|| इहाँ/उहाँ || कहाँ || जहाँ || त्यहाँ
 +
|-
 +
! Time adv.
 +
|| अब || कब || जब || तब
 +
|}
  
 
= Verbs =
 
= Verbs =
 +
Magahī verbs are very complex.
 +
 +
== Nominal Non-finite Forms ==
 +
Magahī has several nominal non-finite forms that each have an oblique form like nouns. There are three kinds. Each of them usually are used along with the copula "हा", which carries the tense and modal information, whereas the non-finite form carries the aspect.
 +
 +
=== Neutral ===
 +
The neutral form conveys a habitual aspect. To form neutral forms, simply add the suffix "-आ" or no suffix. To form the oblique form of the participle, simply treat the neutral form like a noun and put it in oblique form.
 +
* {{morphTest|देख​{{tag|v}}{{tag|hab}}|देखा}}
 +
* {{morphTest|देख​{{tag|v}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|obl}}|देखे}}
 +
* {{morphTest|सुत​{{tag|v}}{{tag|hab}}|सुता}}
 +
* {{morphTest|सुत{{tag|v}}{{tag|hab}}{{tag|obl}}|सुते}}
 +
 +
=== Imperfective ===
 +
The imperfective form conveys a progressive aspect. It is formed with the suffix "-ऐत".
 +
* {{morphTest|देख​{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}|देखैत}}
 +
* {{morphTest|देख​{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|obl}}|देखैते}}
 +
* {{morphTest|सुत​{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}|सुतैत}}
 +
* {{morphTest|सुत{{tag|v}}{{tag|impf}}{{tag|obl}}|सुतैते}}
 +
 +
=== Perfective ===
 +
The perfective form conveys a stative aspect. It is formed with the suffix "-अल" for intransitive verbs and "ले" with intransitive verbs. Note, however, that the oblique form is not "-अले" like one would expect, but rather "-ला", though it is usually written "अला".
 +
* {{morphTest|देख​{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}|देखल}}
 +
* {{morphTest|देख​{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|obl}}|देखला}}
 +
* {{morphTest|सुत​{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}|सुतल}}
 +
* {{morphTest|सुत{{tag|v}}{{tag|perf}}{{tag|obl}}|सुतला}}
 +
 +
== Finite Verbs ==
 +
The finite verbs are constructed out of a stem followed by tense/modal suffix followed by a personal ending.
 +
 +
=== Tense/Mood ===
 +
The tense/mode endings are nothing for the injunctive mood (subjunctive/imperative), "-ल" for the simple past ("-लक" for 3rd person transitive verbs), "-त" for the past subjunctive, "-ब" for the future, and "-इह" for the future imperative.
 +
* {{morphTest|सुन{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|s_p1}}{{tag|o_p3}}|सुनइ}}
 +
* {{morphTest|सुन{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|s_p1}}{{tag|o_p3}}|सुनलि}}
 +
* {{morphTest|सुन{{tag|v}}{{tag|pis}}{{tag|s_p1}}{{tag|o_p3}}|सुनति}}
 +
* {{morphTest|सुन{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|s_p1}}{{tag|o_p3}}|सुनबि}}
 +
* {{morphTest|सुन{{tag|v}}{{tag|fut}}{{tag|imp}}|सुनीहि}}
 +
 +
Aspect markers on participles combined with the various tense/mood suffixes on the auxiliary verbs make for a massive amount of possible combinations, such as habitual past subjunctive, or stative future imperative, etc.
 +
 +
=== Auxiliary ===
 +
The auxiliary "ह" is a bit irregular, changing stem to "हो" for the modal suffixes, but uses the same personal endings. On its own, it can function as a copula. Unlike other verbs, the auxiliary has present, past, past subjunctive, injunctive (present subjunctive), and presumptive forms.
 +
* {{morphTest|ह{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|s_p1}}{{tag|o_p3}}|हि}}
 +
* {{morphTest|ह{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|s_p1}}{{tag|o_p3}}|हालि}}
 +
* {{morphTest|ह{{tag|v}}{{tag|pis}}{{tag|s_p1}}{{tag|o_p3}}|होति}}
 +
* {{morphTest|ह{{tag|v}}{{tag|prs}}{{tag|s_p1}}{{tag|o_p3}}|होलि}}
 +
* {{morphTest|ह{{tag|v}}{{tag|fts}}{{tag|s_p1}}{{tag|o_p3}}|होबि}} (Actually presumptive mood, but Apertium doesn't have a tag for that)
 +
 +
It is also possible to use the present and past forms of the auxiliary with the past simple form of the main verb. Both verbs here are finite, so the auxiliary ends up without personal endings, but can still be either present or past. This is different from using the auxiliary with the participle, which has a stative meaning. So "तू सुतल हे" (you have slept) is different from "तू सुतल" (you slept) and "तू सुतल् ह" (you are asleep).
 +
 +
=== Personal Endings ===
 +
Here our two main sources differ significantly on even the basic structure of the agreement. They both say that personal endings agree with the subject and object, but differ greatly on the details. Since it's a century old, we won't be following ''The Linguistic Survey of India'', but rather ''The Indo-Aryan Languages''.
 +
 +
Magahī verbs agree with the subject in person, not number. They also agree with the object in person as well as honorific status, having +honor and -honor endings for each of the persons. For whatever reason, ''The Indo-Aryan Languages'' is missing the first person object endings, so we can't give those.
 +
 +
It appears that the first person personal ending is "-इ", the second person "-अ", and the third person "-ओ". To indicate a neutral object, simply don't add an object ending. For a non-honorific third person ending, add "-ऐ", for honorific third person, add "-ऐन", for non-honorific second person, add "-औ", and for honorific second person, add "ओ". Apertium lacks tags for non-numbered subject/object persons, so we will use the tags "<s_p1>", "<s_p2>", "<s_p3>", "<o_p1>", "<o_p2>", and "<o_p3>" for the subject and object persons.
 +
* {{morphTest|देख{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|s_p1}}{{tag|o_p3}}|देखाली}}
 +
* {{morphTest|देख{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|s_p1}}{{tag|o_p3}}{{tag|low}}|देखालीऐ}}
 +
* {{morphTest|देख{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|s_p1}}{{tag|o_p3}}{{tag|hi}}|देखालीऐन}}
 +
* {{morphTest|देख{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|s_p3}}{{tag|o_p2}}{{tag|low}}|देखालोऔ}}
 +
* {{morphTest|देख{{tag|v}}{{tag|past}}{{tag|s_p2}}{{tag|o_p2}}{{tag|hi}}|देखालओ}}
 +
 +
[[Category:Magahi]]

Latest revision as of 17:11, 14 March 2021

Nouns

Plural Forms

  • Plurality is expressed via the suffix "-अन", and if the final vowel is long, shorten it:
    • घोरा<n><pl> ↔ गोरन​​
    • बैल​<n><pl> ↔ बैलन
    • चोर​<n><pl> ↔ चोरन
  • It can also be expressed by adding the word "सब" or "लोग" for human noun after the singular form:
    • फल<n><pl> ↔ फल सब
    • राजा<n><pl> ↔ राजा लोग
    • माली<n><pl> ↔ माली लोग

Case

None of these cases can be applied to the plural form of a noun.

  • You can form the locative case by adding the suffix "-ē". If the noun ended in "ā", it gets removed and if it ended in "ī" or "ū", the vowel gets shortened.
    • घोरा<n><loc> ↔ घोरे
    • बैल​<n><loc> ↔ बैले
    • चोर<n><loc> ↔ चोरे
  • You can form the instrumental case by adding the suffix "-ē̃." The same process of removing or shortening vowels as in the locative applies.
    • फल​<n><ins> ↔ फलेँ
    • राजा<n><ins> ↔ राजेँ
    • माली<n><ins> ↔ मालिएँँ
  • Other cases may be indicated using postpositions. When doing so, the noun must be in the oblique form. If it ends in a vowel, the oblique is the same as the nominative. If the noun ends in a consonant, then you can optionally add the "-e" suffix.
    • घोरा​<n><obl> ↔ घोरा
    • बैल<n><obl> ↔ बैले
    • चोर<n><obl> ↔ चोर

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

  • हम<prn><pers><p1><sg> ↔ हम​​
  • हम<prn><pers><p1><pl> ↔ हमानी​​
  • हम<prn><pers><p1><sg><obl> ↔ हमारा
  • तु<prn><pers><p2><sg> ↔ तु​​
  • तु<prn><pers><p2><pl> ↔ तोहनि
  • तु<prn><pers><p2><sg><gen> ↔ तोर​​
  • <prn><pers><p3><sg><hi><obl> ↔ इनकारा​​
  • <prn><pers><p3><sg><gen> ↔ तोहारा​​
  • <prn><pers><p3><sg><hi><prx><obl> ↔ इनकर​​
  • <prn><pers><p3><sg><hi><prx><gen> ↔ इनकारा​​
Person Singular Sg.Genitive Sg. Oblique Plural
First हम हमार हमारा हमानि
Second तु तोर तोरा तोहनि
Second Honorific तोहार तोहारा
Third Proximate एकर एकारा इ (सब)
Third Proximate Honorific इनकर ​ इनकारा
Third Non-Proximate ओकर ओकारा उ (सब)
Third Non-Proximate Honorific उनकर उनकारा

Demonstratives

  • <prn><det><dem><nom> ↔ इ​​
  • <prn><det><itg><gen> ↔ केकर
  • <prn><det><rel><obl> ↔ जेकरा
  • <prn><det><correl><obl> ↔ जेकरा
Demonstrative Interrogative Relative Correlative
Nominative इ/उ का/के (human) जे से/ते
Genitive एकर/ओकर केकर जेकर सेकर/तेकर
Oblique एकरा/ओकरा केकरा जेकरा सेकरा/तेकरा
Attributive इ/उ के/कौन जे/जौन से
Adjectival ऐसन/ऑइसन कैसन जैसन तैसान
Quantitative एतना/ओतना केतना जेतना तेतन
Manner adv. ऐसे/ओइसे कैसे जैसे तैसे
Place adv. इहाँ/उहाँ कहाँ जहाँ त्यहाँ
Time adv. अब कब जब तब

Verbs

Magahī verbs are very complex.

Nominal Non-finite Forms

Magahī has several nominal non-finite forms that each have an oblique form like nouns. There are three kinds. Each of them usually are used along with the copula "हा", which carries the tense and modal information, whereas the non-finite form carries the aspect.

Neutral

The neutral form conveys a habitual aspect. To form neutral forms, simply add the suffix "-आ" or no suffix. To form the oblique form of the participle, simply treat the neutral form like a noun and put it in oblique form.

  • देख​<v><hab> ↔ देखा
  • देख​<v><hab><obl> ↔ देखे
  • सुत​<v><hab> ↔ सुता
  • सुत<v><hab><obl> ↔ सुते

Imperfective

The imperfective form conveys a progressive aspect. It is formed with the suffix "-ऐत".

  • देख​<v><impf> ↔ देखैत
  • देख​<v><impf><obl> ↔ देखैते
  • सुत​<v><impf> ↔ सुतैत
  • सुत<v><impf><obl> ↔ सुतैते

Perfective

The perfective form conveys a stative aspect. It is formed with the suffix "-अल" for intransitive verbs and "ले" with intransitive verbs. Note, however, that the oblique form is not "-अले" like one would expect, but rather "-ला", though it is usually written "अला".

  • देख​<v><perf> ↔ देखल
  • देख​<v><perf><obl> ↔ देखला
  • सुत​<v><perf> ↔ सुतल
  • सुत<v><perf><obl> ↔ सुतला

Finite Verbs

The finite verbs are constructed out of a stem followed by tense/modal suffix followed by a personal ending.

Tense/Mood

The tense/mode endings are nothing for the injunctive mood (subjunctive/imperative), "-ल" for the simple past ("-लक" for 3rd person transitive verbs), "-त" for the past subjunctive, "-ब" for the future, and "-इह" for the future imperative.

  • सुन<v><pres><s_p1><o_p3> ↔ सुनइ
  • सुन<v><past><s_p1><o_p3> ↔ सुनलि
  • सुन<v><pis><s_p1><o_p3> ↔ सुनति
  • सुन<v><fut><s_p1><o_p3> ↔ सुनबि
  • सुन<v><fut><imp> ↔ सुनीहि

Aspect markers on participles combined with the various tense/mood suffixes on the auxiliary verbs make for a massive amount of possible combinations, such as habitual past subjunctive, or stative future imperative, etc.

Auxiliary

The auxiliary "ह" is a bit irregular, changing stem to "हो" for the modal suffixes, but uses the same personal endings. On its own, it can function as a copula. Unlike other verbs, the auxiliary has present, past, past subjunctive, injunctive (present subjunctive), and presumptive forms.

  • <v><pres><s_p1><o_p3> ↔ हि
  • <v><past><s_p1><o_p3> ↔ हालि
  • <v><pis><s_p1><o_p3> ↔ होति
  • <v><prs><s_p1><o_p3> ↔ होलि
  • <v><fts><s_p1><o_p3> ↔ होबि (Actually presumptive mood, but Apertium doesn't have a tag for that)

It is also possible to use the present and past forms of the auxiliary with the past simple form of the main verb. Both verbs here are finite, so the auxiliary ends up without personal endings, but can still be either present or past. This is different from using the auxiliary with the participle, which has a stative meaning. So "तू सुतल हे" (you have slept) is different from "तू सुतल" (you slept) and "तू सुतल् ह" (you are asleep).

Personal Endings

Here our two main sources differ significantly on even the basic structure of the agreement. They both say that personal endings agree with the subject and object, but differ greatly on the details. Since it's a century old, we won't be following The Linguistic Survey of India, but rather The Indo-Aryan Languages.

Magahī verbs agree with the subject in person, not number. They also agree with the object in person as well as honorific status, having +honor and -honor endings for each of the persons. For whatever reason, The Indo-Aryan Languages is missing the first person object endings, so we can't give those.

It appears that the first person personal ending is "-इ", the second person "-अ", and the third person "-ओ". To indicate a neutral object, simply don't add an object ending. For a non-honorific third person ending, add "-ऐ", for honorific third person, add "-ऐन", for non-honorific second person, add "-औ", and for honorific second person, add "ओ". Apertium lacks tags for non-numbered subject/object persons, so we will use the tags "<s_p1>", "<s_p2>", "<s_p3>", "<o_p1>", "<o_p2>", and "<o_p3>" for the subject and object persons.

  • देख<v><past><s_p1><o_p3> ↔ देखाली
  • देख<v><past><s_p1><o_p3><low> ↔ देखालीऐ
  • देख<v><past><s_p1><o_p3><hi> ↔ देखालीऐन
  • देख<v><past><s_p3><o_p2><low> ↔ देखालोऔ
  • देख<v><past><s_p2><o_p2><hi> ↔ देखालओ