Difference between revisions of "Mixe/Grammar"

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(Main parts of speech)
(Verbs)
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=== Verbs ===
 
=== Verbs ===
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{{comment|A couple things here.  First of all, POS tags need to come firsts, then subcategory, then grammatical tags.  Secondly, tag names should be kept short, ideally within 3 or 4 characters if possible.  You don't need to say whether something is obligatory or not, as that's a morphotactic thing and not a syntactic thing.  Also, if there are multiple properties you want to mark, separate them into separate tags. -JNW}}
 
Verbs are generally of the form: person.prefix - stem - time/aspect.suffix [https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/65/55/00/65550069179862137561760454755644251082/mto_vocabulario.pdf p.303].
 
Verbs are generally of the form: person.prefix - stem - time/aspect.suffix [https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/65/55/00/65550069179862137561760454755644251082/mto_vocabulario.pdf p.303].
 
* {{morphTest|näjcx{{tag|p2}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|indeterminate}}|mnäjcxp ''(you are going)''}}
 
* {{morphTest|näjcx{{tag|p2}}{{tag|v}}{{tag|indeterminate}}|mnäjcxp ''(you are going)''}}

Revision as of 02:27, 15 February 2022

Useful resources

Main parts of speech

  • verbs
  • nouns (nominal phrases, glossed FN in Guzman)
    • kumöön<n><v><nominalizer> ↔ kumööntömpä (citizen) If this is a nominalised verb, it should probably be <v><nmz>. The POS can't be *both* <n> and <v>. On the other hand, this looks like derivational morphology, so only do this if it's relatively productive; otherwise, just call it <n>. -JNW
    • jäyu (person)
    • limösnä (alms) (very likely a Spanish loan)
  • proclitics
    • <pro_perf> ↔ të
    • <pro_contrafactual> ↔ kë

not sure if proclitics and enclitics count as parts of speech, but they are sometimes written as their own words in Mixe, so...

This sort of thing is always tricky. What's the difference between the proclitics and enclitics? How is each used? -JNW

  • aspectual enclitics
    • <enc> ↔ nä
    • nu<enc> ↔ nu
    • <enc> ↔ tä
    • äni<enc> ↔ äni
    • m<enc> ↔ m
  • auxiliaries
    • kä'ä<aux_neg> ↔ kä'ä I might just call this <aux>. -JNW
  • adjectives
    • xip (allí adentro)
    • poo'p= (white)
    • yëk<adj><n><pl> ↔ yëk-käätä (black bulls) Again, you can't have two POS tags. What's going on here morphologically? -JNW
  • determiners and demonstratives
    • (the)
    • xii (that)
    • xää (that, that(distant)) Could you add some of these as morphTests? -JNW
  • numerals
  • post-positions

Sets of alternations or systems (grammar points)

Verbs

A couple things here. First of all, POS tags need to come firsts, then subcategory, then grammatical tags. Secondly, tag names should be kept short, ideally within 3 or 4 characters if possible. You don't need to say whether something is obligatory or not, as that's a morphotactic thing and not a syntactic thing. Also, if there are multiple properties you want to mark, separate them into separate tags. -JNW

Verbs are generally of the form: person.prefix - stem - time/aspect.suffix p.303.

  • näjcx<p2><v><indeterminate> ↔ mnäjcxp (you are going)
  • vaꞌan<p3><v><fut> ↔ vyaꞌanüt (he/she will say/tell)

There are 20 possible morpheme positions for any given verb. These morphemes mark and include aspect/mood, person, negation, modals, intensifiers, valence-changers, the verb stem, adverbial, plural, inverse, still/also, completive vs incompletive vs irrealis, dependent vs independent, and aspectual enclitics (an enclitic is something like n't in English).

the obligatory aspect markers are tense/aspect markers (obvious, I know, but it took me a while to recognize and understand that). See translations of examples under the "Base verb forms" section.

  • näjcx<pro_prn_p3><v><pl><decisive><nonobligatory.aspect><fut> ↔ ñäjcxtinuvat (they also will go)
  • vop<pro_prn_o_sg2_dependent><intensifier><ins><v><inverse><pl><nonobligatory.aspect><obligatory.aspect_completive_dependent> ↔ mtuntukvojpjitinï (they already hit you a lot with)
  • jöy<pro_prn_o_sg2_independent><intensifier><intensifier><ins><n><v><derivative><prs><inverse><pl><obligatory.aspect_irrealis_independent> ↔ mjää’ktuntuk’äjöyävääjnjïtup (wants to buy it from you once again)
  • kots<pro_prn_agnt_sg1_independent><neg><intensifier><v><derivative><obligatory.aspect_incompletive_independent_tv> ↔ nkätunkojtsjip ((people say) I really don't give advice to)
  • kotsnäx<pro_prn_agnt_sg3_independent><v><v><phase><desiderative><obligatory.aspect_incompletive_independent_tv> ↔ kyotsnäx’ukvä’änuväämp (he/she wants to start talking)

Verbal morphology is mostly agglutinative, but some morphemes fuse, likely for phonological reasons.

  • E.G 'y-' (p3) + 'näjcx' (go) = 'ñäjcx'
    • ñäjcx<p3><v> ↔ he/she goes
    • NOTE: my current understanding is that ñäjcx can't stand alone. That is, it requires further morphemes to be grammatical.

Base verb forms

mto verbs fall into two categories: invariable and variable. Invariable verbs have regular base forms that don't change when they co-occur with other morphemes. Variable verbs, however, are irregular and do change depending on surrounding morphemes. Specifically, their forms may be dependent on morphology expressing inverse, aspect, mode, and valence-changing.

  • nöm<base form> ↔ run
    • nöm<v_imp/v_irrealis_independent/v_irrealis_dependent> ↔ nöm
      • nöm<v><imp> ↔ nömï (run!)
    • nöm<v_completive_independent/v_incompletive_independent> ↔ nööm
      • nöm<p2_independent><v><obligatory.aspect_incompletive_independent_iv> ↔ mnöömp (you run)
      • nöm<p2_independent><v><obligatory.aspect_completive_independent> ↔ mnööm (you ran)
    • nöm<v_incompletive_dependent> ↔ num
    • nöm<v_completive_dependent> ↔ nujm
  • pat<base form> ↔ go up
    • pat<imp/irrealis_independent/irrealis_dependent> ↔ pat
    • pat<imperative/irrealis_independent/irrealis_dependent> ↔ pajt
    • pat<incompletive_dependent> ↔ pet
      • kä'ä pat<p2_dependent><v> ↔ kä'ä mpet (you don't go up)
    • pat<completive_dependent> ↔ pejt
  • 'oo'k<base form> ↔ die
    • 'oo'k<imp/completive_independent/incompletive_independent/irrealis_independent/irrealis/dependent> ↔ 'oo'k
    • 'oo'k<completive_dependent/incompletive_dependent> ↔ 'ëë'k

could also list each possibility separately and then include a table to make the patterns easier to recognize -Elizabeth

Person markers and tense/aspect markers depend on transitivity, whether it's in the "conjunctive" or "disjunctive" mode, and (for transitive verbs) whether a subject or object is being referred to.

not yet sure what the difference b/w the 2 modes are. In fact, might just replace this w something closer to Guzman's explanation -Elizabeth

Basic verb morphology (p307)
Mode Person Intransitive Transitive
Subject indicated Object indicated
Conjunctive 1 n- n- x-
2 m- x- m- -jü
3 y- tü- y- -jü
Disjunctive 1 #- n- x-
2 m- m- m- -jü
3 #- y- #- -jü

Mto is an inversely hierarchical language, meaning that a verb can't agree with more than one argument at a time, regardless of transitivity. An intransitive verb agrees with its subject. A transitive verb agrees with whichever of its arguments is highest on the following hierarchy of person features: 1st>2nd>3rd(proximate)>3rd(obviative) (Gúzman, 35). When a verb has more than one 3rd-person referent, the more salient is called proximate, and the less salient obviative.

Transitivity

Verbs are intransitive by default. They are transitivized with a person-indicating prefix. [p.304]

Transitive form
Verb Translation Person indicator
n'ixp äts 'I'm watching (something)' n-
m'ixp mits 'you're watching (something)' m-
y-ixp jë'ë 'he/she is watching (something)' y-
Intransitive form
ixp äts 'I'm watching' none
m'ixp mits 'you're watching' m-
ixp jë'ë 'he/she is watching' none
,