View source for Mixe and English/Contrastive Grammar

= Grammatical differences =

==1 & 2==

very different grammatical tags on verbs

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Verb grammatical tags
|-
! mto !! eng
|-
| aspect: <icpl>, <cpl>, <irr> || tense: <pres>, <past>, etc.
|-
| independent vs. dependent predicates; <idt>, <dep> || -- 
|}

On predicate types in mto:

* Independent predicates are part of an affirmative clause that has no pre-verbal elements that are associated with dependent clauses. Such elements include adverbs, interrogative pronouns, quantifiers, auxiliary verbs, negation, and others.

===clause type===
Dependent:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp mits mtönït|tomorrow you will work}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp{{tag|adv}} mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} tön{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|tomorrow{{tag|adv}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}}

Independent:

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|jaꞌatseꞌe väämp|that one says}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|jaꞌa{{tag|prn}} väꞌän{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p3}}|that{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} one{{tag|num}}{{tag|sg}} says{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

This example also adds "one" in the English translation. Also, I'm not sure of the best way to tag "one" here.


===tense and aspect===

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|jaꞌatseꞌe väämp|that one says}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|jaꞌa{{tag|prn}} väꞌän{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p3}}|that{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} one{{tag|num}}{{tag|sg}} says{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}}

==3 & 4==

In Mixe, the order of subject, object, and agent arguments is relatively free compared to in English. 

Most common word orders in Mixe:
*SV
*V (with the subject or agent not explicit)
*OV

For verbs with two explicit arguments, both SOV and OSV are common. S and O are distinguished by verb morphology, not by argument order.

In English, on the other hand, clauses are often SVO, and argument order distinguishes between types of arguments.

=== order of verb arguments ===

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts känäriu mpuꞌup|I am planting chili-apple}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}  känäriu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} pöꞌöj{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p1}}| I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} plant{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}} chili-apple{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mits Märiä mꞌëëjp|you scold Maria}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} Maria{{tag|n}} ꞌooj{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} scold{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} Maria{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}}}

=== explicit vs. non-explicit arguments ===

==5==

In Mixe, a possessed noun is marked with a possessive prefix. The possessor (if pronounced) precedes the possessed NP. The possessor can be a noun or a pronoun; possessive pronouns are the same as regular personal pronouns.

In English, a possessed noun isn't marked for possession. The possessor precedes the possessed NP and can be a noun or determiner, but English possessive determiners are different than its regular personal pronouns.

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts ntëjk|My house}}
*: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}  tëk{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1}}|my{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}

* {{transferTest|mto|eng|mteꞌe|your father}}
*: {{transferTest|mto|eng|teꞌe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2}}|your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} father{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}


[[category: Mixe]] [[category:English]] [[category: Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]]