Difference between revisions of "Mixe and English/Contrastive Grammar"
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* Independent predicates are part of an affirmative clause that has no pre-verbal elements that are associated with dependent clauses. Such elements include adverbs, interrogative pronouns, quantifiers, auxiliary verbs, negation, and others. | * Independent predicates are part of an affirmative clause that has no pre-verbal elements that are associated with dependent clauses. Such elements include adverbs, interrogative pronouns, quantifiers, auxiliary verbs, negation, and others. | ||
| − | ==3== | + | ===clause type=== |
| + | Dependent: | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|mto|eng|këp mits mtönït|tomorrow you will work}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|këp{{tag|adv}} mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} tön{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|p2}}|tomorrow{{tag|adv}} you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} work{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | Independent: | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|mto|eng|jaꞌatseꞌe väämp|that one says}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|jaꞌa{{tag|prn}} väꞌän{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p3}}|that{{tag|det}}{{tag|dem}}{{tag|sg}} one{{tag|num}}{{tag|sg}} says{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | This example also adds "one" in the English translation. Also, I'm not sure of the best way to tag "one" here. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===tense and aspect=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Incompletive aspect: | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|mto|eng|mnöömp|you are running}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}} running{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | Completive aspect: | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|mto|eng|mnööm|you ran}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} run{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|past}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==3 & 4== | ||
In Mixe, the order of subject, object, and agent arguments is relatively free compared to in English. | In Mixe, the order of subject, object, and agent arguments is relatively free compared to in English. | ||
| Line 32: | Line 57: | ||
In English, on the other hand, clauses are often SVO, and argument order distinguishes between types of arguments. | In English, on the other hand, clauses are often SVO, and argument order distinguishes between types of arguments. | ||
| − | == | + | === order of verb arguments === |
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts känäriu mpuꞌup|I am planting chili-apple}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} känäriu{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} pöꞌöj{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p1}}| I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} be{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} plant{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}} chili-apple{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|mto|eng|mits Märiä mꞌëëjp|you scold Maria}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|mits{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}} Maria{{tag|n}} ꞌooj{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|a_p2}}|you{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} scold{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|pres}} Maria{{tag|np}}{{tag|ant}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | === explicit vs. non-explicit arguments === | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|mto|eng|njëꞌkxup|I will eat it.}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|jëꞌkx{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|irr}}|I{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} will{{tag|vbmod}}{{tag|pres}} eat{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|inf}} it{{tag|prn}}{{tag|obj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|nt}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|mto|eng|käꞌä yꞌuuꞌk|she is not drinking}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|käꞌä{{tag|aux}}{{tag|neg}} ꞌööꞌk{{tag|v}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|p3}}|she{{tag|prn}}{{tag|subj}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} is{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} not{{tag|adv}} drinking{{tag|vblex}}{{tag|ger}}}} | ||
==5== | ==5== | ||
| + | |||
| + | In Mixe, a possessed noun is marked with a possessive prefix. The possessor (if pronounced) precedes the possessed NP. The possessor can be a noun or a pronoun; possessive pronouns are the same as regular personal pronouns. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In English, a possessed noun isn't marked for possession. The possessor precedes the possessed NP and can be a noun or determiner, but English possessive determiners are different than its regular personal pronouns. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts ntëjk|My house}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|ꞌëts{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} tëk{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px1}}|my{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | * {{transferTest|mto|eng|mteꞌe|your father}} | ||
| + | *: {{transferMorphTest|mto|eng|teꞌe{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|px2}}|your{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sp}} father{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}} | ||
| + | |||
[[category: Mixe]] [[category:English]] [[category: Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] | [[category: Mixe]] [[category:English]] [[category: Sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] | ||
Latest revision as of 10:33, 13 May 2022
Contents
Grammatical differences
1 & 2
very different grammatical tags on verbs
| mto | eng |
|---|---|
| aspect: <icpl>, <cpl>, <irr> | tense: <pres>, <past>, etc. |
| independent vs. dependent predicates; <idt>, <dep> | -- |
On predicate types in mto:
- Independent predicates are part of an affirmative clause that has no pre-verbal elements that are associated with dependent clauses. Such elements include adverbs, interrogative pronouns, quantifiers, auxiliary verbs, negation, and others.
clause type
Dependent:
- (mto) këp mits mtönït → (eng) tomorrow you will work
- (mto) këp<adv> mits<prn><p2><sg> tön<v><dep><irr><p2> → (eng) tomorrow<adv> you<prn><pers><p2><mf><sg> will<vbmod><pres> work<vblex><pres>
Independent:
- (mto) jaꞌatseꞌe väämp → (eng) that one says
- (mto) jaꞌa<prn> väꞌän<v><idt><icpl><p3> → (eng) that<det><dem><sg> one<num><sg> says<vblex><pres><p3><sg>
This example also adds "one" in the English translation. Also, I'm not sure of the best way to tag "one" here.
tense and aspect
Incompletive aspect:
- (mto) mnöömp → (eng) you are running
- (mto) nöm<v><idt><icpl><p2> → (eng) you<prn><pers><p2><mf><sg> be<vbser><pres> running<vblex><ger>
Completive aspect:
- (mto) mnööm → (eng) you ran
- (mto) nöm<v><idt><cpl><p2> → (eng) you<prn><pers><p2><mf><sg> run<vblex><past>
3 & 4
In Mixe, the order of subject, object, and agent arguments is relatively free compared to in English.
Most common word orders in Mixe:
- SV
- V (with the subject or agent not explicit)
- OV
For verbs with two explicit arguments, both SOV and OSV are common. S and O are distinguished by verb morphology, not by argument order.
In English, on the other hand, clauses are often SVO, and argument order distinguishes between types of arguments.
order of verb arguments
- (mto) ꞌëts känäriu mpuꞌup → (eng) I am planting chili-apple
- (mto) ꞌëts<prn><p1><sg> känäriu<n><sg> pöꞌöj<v><tv><idt><icpl><a_p1> → (eng) I<prn><subj><p1><mf><sg> be<vbser><pres><p1><sg> plant<vblex><ger> chili-apple<n><sg>
- (mto) mits Märiä mꞌëëjp → (eng) you scold Maria
- (mto) mits<prn><p2><sg> Maria<n> ꞌooj<v><tv><idt><icpl><a_p2> → (eng) you<prn><pers><p2><mf><sg> scold<vblex><pres> Maria<np><ant>
explicit vs. non-explicit arguments
- (mto) njëꞌkxup → (eng) I will eat it.
- (mto) jëꞌkx<v><tv><idt><irr> → (eng) I<prn><subj><p1><mf><sg> will<vbmod><pres> eat<vblex><inf> it<prn><obj><p3><nt><sg>
- (mto) käꞌä yꞌuuꞌk → (eng) she is not drinking
- (mto) käꞌä<aux><neg> ꞌööꞌk<v><dep><icpl><p3> → (eng) she<prn><subj><p3><f><sg> is<vbser><pres><p3><sg> not<adv> drinking<vblex><ger>
5
In Mixe, a possessed noun is marked with a possessive prefix. The possessor (if pronounced) precedes the possessed NP. The possessor can be a noun or a pronoun; possessive pronouns are the same as regular personal pronouns.
In English, a possessed noun isn't marked for possession. The possessor precedes the possessed NP and can be a noun or determiner, but English possessive determiners are different than its regular personal pronouns.
- (mto) ꞌëts ntëjk → (eng) My house
- (mto) ꞌëts<prn><p1><sg> tëk<n><sg><px1> → (eng) my<det><pos><p1><mf><sg> house<n><sg>
- (mto) mteꞌe → (eng) your father
- (mto) teꞌe<n><sg><px2> → (eng) your<det><pos><p2><mf><sp> father<n><sg>
