Difference between revisions of "Miyako/Grammar"
(→Postpositions) |
(→Postpositions) |
||
Line 37: | Line 37: | ||
| tu ||とぅ|| comitative || {{tag|com}} || {{morphTest|うい{{tag|com}}|ういとぅ}} | | tu ||とぅ|| comitative || {{tag|com}} || {{morphTest|うい{{tag|com}}|ういとぅ}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | | ncɨkyaa ||んつきゃー|| comparative || {{tag|comp}} | + | | ncɨkyaa ||んつきゃー|| comparative || {{tag|comp}} || |
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} |
Revision as of 00:04, 13 February 2017
Contents
Parts of Speech
Ikema has nouns, verbs, adnominals, adverbs, conjunctions, and interjections. Also postpositions and final particles.
Postpositions
Postpositions, or particles, attach to nouns, and multiple particles can be attached to one noun.
Romaji | Hiragana | Function | Tag | Example |
---|---|---|---|---|
a | あ | topic 1 | <top1> | ぼーしゃ<top1> ↔ ぼーしゃあ |
gyaa | ぎゃー | topic 2 | <top2> | とぅか<top1> ↔ とぅかぎゃー |
ga | が | nominative | <nom> | っヴぁ<nom> ↔ っヴぁが |
nu | ぬ | genitive | <gen> | なし<gen> ↔ なしぬ |
u | う | accusative | <acc> | なし<acc> ↔ なしう |
du | どぅ | focus | <foc> | やらび<foc> ↔ やらびどぅ |
n | ん | dative | <dat> | かま<dat> ↔ かまん |
ti | てぃ | quotative | <quot> | ひやさ<quot> ↔ ひやさてぃ |
nkai | んかい | allative 1 | <all1> | じてんしゃ<all1> ↔ じてんしゃんかい |
nki | んき | allative 2 | <all2> | |
taahii | たーひー | limitative | <lim> | |
kara | から | ablative | <abl> | じてんしゃ<abl> ↔ じてんしゃから |
hii | ひー | instrumental | <ins> | ばた<ins> ↔ ばたひー |
tu | とぅ | comitative | <com> | うい<com> ↔ ういとぅ |
ncɨkyaa | んつきゃー | comparative | <comp> |
Combinations: nom foc taruganaa=ga=du
dat=quot=foc kicIgi=n=ti=du
Notes
- Several other things seem to be used for topic 1, including nu, ya, zya, and sa.
- ga and nu can both be either genitive or nominative.
List of final particles
Romaji | Hiragana | Function |
---|---|---|
doo | ||
i | い | |
na | な | Y/N question |
ga | が | Wh question |
da | だ | how about ~? |
Noun suffixes
Romaji | HIragana | Function | Tag | Example |
---|---|---|---|---|
gama | がま | Diminutive | <dim> | とぅい<n><dim> ↔ とぅいがま |
mmi | っみ | Plural 1 | <pl1> | やらび<n><pl1> ↔ やらびっみ |
ta | た | Plural 2 | <pl2> | みどぅん<n><pl2> ↔ みどぅんた |
nagi | なぎ | Approximative | <app> |
kya as pl3 in Pear Story but not in table
Note: in the Introduction to Ryukyuan PDF, っみ is listed as pl1 in the table of suffices, but then is glossed as pl2 in the pear story. Additional examples:
- しま<n><dim> ↔ しまがま (small island)
- っふぁ<n><dim> ↔ っふぁがま (small child)
- ぷし<n><dim> ↔ ぷしがま (small star)
- ひとぅ<n><pl1> ↔ ひとぅっみ (people)
- ばな<n><pl1> ↔ ばなっみ (flowers)
Adjectival stems
Adjectives cannot stand on their own, but adjectival stems (or property concepts) can be used to form nouns, verbs, and adverbs. Adjectival stems and nouns are compounded and verbs and adverbs are made with affixes.
Noun examples:
- small + child = small child
- いみ + っふぁ = いみっふぁ
- black + goat = black goat
- っふがら + ひんじゃ = っふがらひんじゃ
- expensive + fish = expensive fish
- たかだい + っぞぅ = たかだいっぞぅ
Adjectival stems part 2
The suffix -むぬ can be added to an adjective stem to nominalise it.
- かぎ<n><nz> ↔ かぎむぬ (beautiful thing)
- じゃう<n><nz> ↔ じゃうむぬ (good thing)
- かさます<n><nz> ↔ かさますむぬ (frustrating thing)
Pronouns
Romaji | HIragana | Function | Tag | |
---|---|---|---|---|
ba | ば | 1 Sg | <p1><sg> | |
vva | っヴぁ | 2 Sg | <p2><sg> | |
ura | うら | 3 Sg inanimate | <p3><sg><nn> | |
kai | かい | 3 Sg animate | <p3><sg><aa> | |
karaa | からー | 3 Sg animate top | <p3><sg><aa><top> | |
karuu | かるー | 3 Sg animate acc | <p3><sg><aa><acc> | |
banchaa | ばんちゃー | 1 Pl animate | <p1><pl><aa> |
Finite Verbs
Converbs
Other verb suffixes
Other things
Ikema does not have productive reduplication, unlike other Miyako dialects
use the cases for the postpositions and mod for sentence final particles
Classifiers