Difference between revisions of "Miyako/Grammar"

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(List of final particles)
(Postpositions)
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! Romaji !! Hiragana || Function || Tag || Example
 
! Romaji !! Hiragana || Function || Tag || Example
 
|-
 
|-
| a || あ || topic 1 || {{tag|top1}} ||{{morphTest|ぼーしゃ{{tag|top1}}|ぼーしゃあ}}
+
| a || あ || topic 1 || {{tag|top1}} ||{{morphTest|ぼーしゃ{{tag|n}}{{tag|top1}}|ぼーしゃあ}}
 
|-
 
|-
|gyaa || ぎゃー|| topic 2 || {{tag|top2}} ||{{morphTest|とぅか{{tag|top1}}|とぅかぎゃー}}
+
|gyaa || ぎゃー|| topic 2 || {{tag|top2}} ||{{morphTest|とぅか{{tag|n}}{{tag|top1}}|とぅかぎゃー}}
 
|-
 
|-
| ga || が || nominative || {{tag|nom}} ||{{morphTest|っヴぁ{{tag|nom}}|っヴぁが}}
+
| ga || が || nominative || {{tag|nom}} ||{{morphTest|っヴぁ{{tag|n}}{{tag|nom}}|っヴぁが}}
 
|-
 
|-
| nu ||ぬ|| genitive  || {{tag|gen}} ||{{morphTest|なし{{tag|gen}}|なしぬ}}
+
| nu ||ぬ|| genitive  || {{tag|gen}} ||{{morphTest|なし{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}}|なしぬ}}
 
|-
 
|-
| u ||う || accusative || {{tag|acc}} || {{morphTest|なし{{tag|acc}}|なしう}}
+
| u ||う || accusative || {{tag|acc}} || {{morphTest|なし{{tag|n}}{{tag|acc}}|なしう}}
 
|-
 
|-
| du ||どぅ|| focus || {{tag|foc}} ||{{morphTest|やらび{{tag|foc}}|やらびどぅ}}
+
| du ||どぅ|| focus || {{tag|foc}} ||{{morphTest|やらび{{tag|n}}{{tag|foc}}|やらびどぅ}}
 
|-
 
|-
| n ||ん||dative || {{tag|dat}} || {{morphTest|かま{{tag|dat}}|かまん}}
+
| n ||ん||dative || {{tag|dat}} || {{morphTest|かま{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}|かまん}}
 
|-
 
|-
| ti || てぃ || quotative || {{tag|quot}} || {{morphTest|ひやさ{{tag|quot}}|ひやさてぃ}}
+
| ti || てぃ || quotative || {{tag|quot}} || {{morphTest|ひやさ{{tag|n}}{{tag|quot}}|ひやさてぃ}}
 
|-
 
|-
| nkai || んかい|| allative 1 || {{tag|all1}} || {{morphTest|じてんしゃ{{tag|all1}}|じてんしゃんかい}}
+
| nkai || んかい|| allative 1 || {{tag|all1}} || {{morphTest|じてんしゃ{{tag|n}}{{tag|all1}}|じてんしゃんかい}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| nki ||んき|| allative 2 || {{tag|all2}} ||
 
| nki ||んき|| allative 2 || {{tag|all2}} ||
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| taahii ||たーひー || limitative ||{{tag|lim}} ||
 
| taahii ||たーひー || limitative ||{{tag|lim}} ||
 
|-
 
|-
| kara ||から||ablative || {{tag|abl}}  || {{morphTest|じてんしゃ{{tag|abl}}|じてんしゃから}}
+
| kara ||から||ablative || {{tag|abl}}  || {{morphTest|じてんしゃ{{tag|n}}{{tag|abl}}|じてんしゃから}}
 
|-
 
|-
| hii ||ひー|| instrumental || {{tag|ins}} || {{morphTest|ばた{{tag|ins}}|ばたひー}}
+
| hii ||ひー|| instrumental || {{tag|ins}} || {{morphTest|ばた{{tag|n}}{{tag|ins}}|ばたひー}}
 
|-
 
|-
| tu ||とぅ|| comitative || {{tag|com}}  || {{morphTest|うい{{tag|com}}|ういとぅ}}
+
| tu ||とぅ|| comitative || {{tag|com}}  || {{morphTest|うい{{tag|n}}{{tag|com}}|ういとぅ}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| ncɨkyaa ||んつきゃー|| comparative || {{tag|comp}} ||
 
| ncɨkyaa ||んつきゃー|| comparative || {{tag|comp}} ||

Revision as of 00:29, 13 February 2017

Parts of Speech

Ikema has nouns, verbs, adnominals, adverbs, conjunctions, and interjections. Also postpositions and final particles.

Postpositions

Postpositions, or particles, attach to nouns, and multiple particles can be attached to one noun.

Romaji Hiragana Function Tag Example
a topic 1 <top1> ぼーしゃ<n><top1> ↔ ぼーしゃあ
gyaa ぎゃー topic 2 <top2> とぅか<n><top1> ↔ とぅかぎゃー
ga nominative <nom> っヴぁ<n><nom> ↔ っヴぁが
nu genitive <gen> なし<n><gen> ↔ なしぬ
u accusative <acc> なし<n><acc> ↔ なしう
du どぅ focus <foc> やらび<n><foc> ↔ やらびどぅ
n dative <dat> かま<n><dat> ↔ かまん
ti てぃ quotative <quot> ひやさ<n><quot> ↔ ひやさてぃ
nkai んかい allative 1 <all1> じてんしゃ<n><all1> ↔ じてんしゃんかい
nki んき allative 2 <all2>
taahii たーひー limitative <lim>
kara から ablative <abl> じてんしゃ<n><abl> ↔ じてんしゃから
hii ひー instrumental <ins> ばた<n><ins> ↔ ばたひー
tu とぅ comitative <com> うい<n><com> ↔ ういとぅ
ncɨkyaa んつきゃー comparative <comp>

Combinations:

  • たるがなー<nom><foc> ↔ たるがなーがどぅ
  • きつぎ<dat><quot><foc> ↔ きつぎんてぃどぅ
  • ふたーつ<dat><top1> ↔ ふたーつんな


Notes:

  • Several other things seem to be used for topic 1, including nu, ya, zya, and sa.
  • ga and nu can both be either genitive or nominative.

List of final particles

Final particles attach to the end of a sentence. They are all tagged with <mod>.

Romaji Hiragana Function Example
doo どー information is not shared with the hearer うらあかぎむぬ<mod> ↔ うらあかぎむぬどー
i information is shared with the hearer うらあかぎむぬ<mod> ↔ うらあかぎむぬい
na Y/N question うらあっヴぁがぼーし<mod> ↔ うらあっヴぁがぼーしな
ga Wh question  なうばいほぅでぃ<mod> ↔ なうばいほぅでぃが
da how about ~? っヴぁ<top1><mod> ↔ っヴぁあだ

Noun suffixes

Romaji HIragana Function Tag Example
gama がま Diminutive <dim> とぅい<n><dim> ↔ とぅいがま
mmi っみ Plural 1 <pl1> やらび<n><pl1> ↔ やらびっみ
ta  た Plural 2 <pl2> みどぅん<n><pl2> ↔ みどぅんた
nagi  なぎ Approximative <app>


Notes:

  • In the Introduction to Ryukyuan PDF, っみ is listed as pl1 in the table of suffices, but then is glossed as pl2 in the Pear Story.
  • kya is glossed as pl3 in the Pear Story, but is not in the table

Additional examples:

  • しま<n><dim> ↔ しまがま (small island)
  • っふぁ<n><dim> ↔ っふぁがま (small child)
  • ぷし<n><dim> ↔ ぷしがま (small star)
  • ひとぅ<n><pl1> ↔ ひとぅっみ (people)
  • ばな<n><pl1> ↔ ばなっみ (flowers)

Adjectival stems

Adjectives cannot stand on their own, but adjectival stems (or property concepts) can be used to form nouns, verbs, and adverbs. Adjectival stems and nouns are compounded and verbs and adverbs are made with affixes.

Noun examples:

  • small + child = small child
    いみ + っふぁ = いみっふぁ
  • black + goat = black goat
    っふがら + ひんじゃ = っふがらひんじゃ
  • expensive + fish = expensive fish
    たかだい + っぞぅ = たかだいっぞぅ

Adjectival stems part 2

The suffix -むぬ can be added to an adjective stem to nominalise it.

  • かぎ<n><nz> ↔ かぎむぬ (beautiful thing)
  • じゃう<n><nz> ↔ じゃうむぬ (good thing)
  • かさます<n><nz> ↔ かさますむぬ (frustrating thing)

Pronouns

Romaji HIragana Function Tag
ba 1 Sg <p1><sg>
vva っヴぁ 2 Sg <p2><sg>  
ura うら 3 Sg inanimate <p3><sg><nn>
kai かい 3 Sg animate <p3><sg><aa>
karaa からー 3 Sg animate top <p3><sg><aa><top>
karuu かるー 3 Sg animate acc <p3><sg><aa><acc>
banchaa ばんちゃー 1 Pl animate <p1><pl><aa>

Finite Verbs

Converbs

Other verb suffixes

Other things

Ikema does not have productive reduplication, unlike other Miyako dialects

use the cases for the postpositions and mod for sentence final particles

Classifiers

References