Miyako/Grammar

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Parts of Speech

Ikema has nouns, verbs, adnominals, adverbs, conjunctions, and interjections. Also postpositions and final particles.

Grammar Points

List of postpositions

Romaji Hiragana Function Tag
a topic 1 <top1>
ga genitive and nominative <gen> and <nom>
nu genitive and nominative <gen> and <nom>
u accusative 1 <acc1>
a accusative 2 <acc2>
du どぅ focus <foc>
n dative <dat>
ti てぃ quotative <quot>
nkai んかい allative 1 <all1>
nki んき allative 2 <all2>
taahii たーひー limitative <lim>
kara から ablative <abl>
hii ひー instrumental <ins>
tu とぅ comitative <com>
ncɨkyaa んつきゃー comparative <comp>

List of final particles

Romaji Hiragana Function
doo
i
na Y/N question
ga Wh question
da how about ~?

Noun suffixes

Romaji HIragana Function Tag Example
gama がま Diminutive <dim> とぅい<n><dim> ↔ とぅいがま
mmi っみ Plural 1 <pl1> やらび<n><pl1> ↔ やらびっみ
ta  た Plural 2 <pl2> みどぅん<n><pl2> ↔ みどぅんた
nagi  なぎ Approximative <app>

kya as pl3 in Pear Story but not in table

Note: in the Introduction to Ryukyuan PDF, っみ is listed as pl1 in the table of suffices, but then is glossed as pl2 in the pear story. Additional examples:

  • しま<n><dim> ↔ しまがま (small island)
  • っふぁ<n><dim> ↔ っふぁがま (small child)
  • ぷし<n><dim> ↔ ぷしがま (small star)
  • ひとぅ<n><pl1> ↔ ひとぅっみ (people)
  • ばな<n><pl1> ↔ ばなっみ (flowers)

Adjectival stems

Adjectives cannot stand on their own, but adjectival stems (or property concepts) can be used to form nouns, verbs, and adverbs. Adjectival stems and nouns are compounded and verbs and adverbs are made with affixes.

Noun examples:

  • small + child = small child

いみ + っふぁ = いみっふぁ

  • black + goat = black goat

っふがら + ひんじゃ = っふがらひんじゃ

  • expensive + fish = expensive fish

たかだい + っぞぅ = たかだいっぞぅ

The suffix -むぬ can be added to an adjective stem to nominalise it.

  • かぎ<n><nz> ↔ かぎむぬ (beautiful thing)
  • じゃう<n><nz> ↔ じゃうむぬ (good thing)
  • かさます<n><nz> ↔ かさますむぬ (frustrating thing)

Pronouns

Romaji HIragana Function Tag
ba 1 Sg <p1><sg>
vva っヴぁ 2 Sg <p2><sg>  
ura うら 3 Sg inanimate <p3><sg><nn>
kai かい 3 Sg animate <p3><sg><aa>
karaa からー 3 Sg animate top <p3><sg><aa><top>
karuu かるー 3 Sg animate acc <p3><sg><aa><acc>
banchaa ばんちゃー 1 Pl animate <p1><pl><aa>

Other things

Ikema does not have productive reduplication, unlike other Miyako dialects

use the cases for the postpositions and mod for sentence final particles

Classifiers

References