Difference between revisions of "Nheengatú and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar"

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(Grammatical differences)
(1. Gender)
 
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==Grammatical differences==
 
==Grammatical differences==
1. Gender
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====1. Gender====
  
 
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.
 
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.
* (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")
 
* (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")
 
2. Linking verbs
 
  
Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs to connect NP to predicates.
+
* {{transferTest|yrl|por|Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara.|Eu sou um homem sortudo.}} ("I am a lucky man.")
* (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores.
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|yrl|por|Ixé{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} iepé{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} apigaua{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} marupiara{{tag|adj}}|Eu{{tag|prn}}{{tag|tn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}} ser{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}} um{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} homem{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} sortudo{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}
* (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku uaá paranã rembiua upé. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande que está nas margens do rio. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")
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3. Future tense
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4. Past tense
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'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")
5. Definite article
+
 
6. Word order
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====2. Linking verbs====
7. Tags used
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8. Genitive case
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Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs connecting DPs to predicates.
 +
* {{transferTest|yrl|por|Uií ara niti puranga.|Hoje o dia não é bom.}} ("Today is not a good day.")
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|yrl|por|uií{{tag|adv}} ara{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} niti{{tag|adv}} puranga{{tag|adj}}|hoje{{tag|adv}} o{{tag|det}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} dia{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} não{{tag|adv}} é{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} bom{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}}}}
 +
 
 +
* {{transferTest|yrl|por|Londres taua turusu uiku.|Londres é uma cidade grande.}} ("London is a big city.")
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|yrl|por|Londres{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} taua{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} turusu{{tag|adj}} iku{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|Londres{{tag|np}}{{tag|top}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|sg}} ser{{tag|vbser}}{{tag|pri}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}} um{{tag|det}}{{tag|ind}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} cidade{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}{{tag|sg}} grande{{tag|adj}}{{tag|mf}}{{tag|sg}}}}
 +
 
 +
====3. Definite article====
 +
Portuguese, unlike Nheengatú, has definite articles.  
 +
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria umbaú pirá i pu irũmu. → (por) Maria come <b>o</b> peixe com suas mãos. ("Maria eats the fish with her hands.")
 +
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje <b>o</b> dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")
 +
 
 +
====4. Genitive case====
  
 
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].
 
Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].
 +
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) Maria uuatá ara pukusaua taua rapéitá rupi. → (por) Maria anda durante o dia pelas <b>ruas da cidade</b>. ("Maria walks during the day through the city streets.")
  
9. Postpositions
+
====5. Postpositions====
  
 
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.
 
In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.
 +
'''Example #1:''' (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha <b>irũmu</b>. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar <b>com</b> sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")
 +
'''Example #2:''' (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara <b>supé</b>. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom <b>para</b> os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")
  
 
==yrl→por tests==
 
==yrl→por tests==

Latest revision as of 19:54, 28 April 2022

Grammatical differences

1. Gender

Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not make a distinction between masculine and feminine nouns. Consequently, it also does not have noun-adjective agreement.

  • (yrl) Ixé iepé apigaua marupiara. → (por) Eu sou um homem sortudo. ("I am a lucky man.")
    (yrl) Ixé<prn><pers><p1><sg> iepé<n><sg> apigaua<n><sg> marupiara<adj> → (por) Eu<prn><tn><p1><mf><sg> ser<vbser><pri><p1><sg> um<det><ind><m><sg> homem<n><m><sg> sortudo<n><m><sg>


Example #2: (yrl) Aé uuapika, asuí umbaú pirá uí irũmu nhaãsé aé i iumasi. → (por) Ela senta-se e come peixe com farinha porque ela está faminta. ("She sits down and eat the fish with flour because she is starving.")

2. Linking verbs

Unlike Portuguese, Nheengatú does not have linking verbs connecting DPs to predicates.

  • (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom. ("Today is not a good day.")
    (yrl) uií<adv> ara<n><sg> niti<adv> puranga<adj> → (por) hoje<adv> o<det><def><m><sg> dia<n><m><sg> não<adv> é<vbser><pri><p3><sg> bom<adj><m><sg>
  • (yrl) Londres taua turusu uiku. → (por) Londres é uma cidade grande. ("London is a big city.")
    (yrl) Londres<n><sg> taua<n><sg> turusu<adj> iku<v><pres><p3><sg> → (por) Londres<np><top><m><sg> ser<vbser><pri><p3><sg> um<det><ind><f><sg> cidade<n><f><sg> grande<adj><mf><sg>

3. Definite article

Portuguese, unlike Nheengatú, has definite articles.

Example #1: (yrl) Maria umbaú pirá i pu irũmu. → (por) Maria come o peixe com suas mãos. ("Maria eats the fish with her hands.")
Example #2: (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("London is a big city on the banks of the river.")

4. Genitive case

Nheengatú indicates genitive case by flipping the order of the possessor and the possessed entity. In Portuguese, this form is generated as [POSSESSED_ENTITY] de [POSSESSOR].

Example #1: (yrl) Maria uuatá ara pukusaua taua rapéitá rupi. → (por) Maria anda durante o dia pelas ruas da cidade. ("Maria walks during the day through the city streets.")

5. Postpositions

In Portuguese, postpositions become prepositions.

Example #1: (yrl) I mimbira uiana upurungitá arama i manha irũmu. → (por) Seu filho corre para falar com sua mãe. ("Her son runs to talk to his mother.")
Example #2: (yrl) Uií ara niti puranga pinaitikasara supé. → (por) Hoje o dia não é bom para os pescadores. ("Today is not a good day for fishermen.")

yrl→por tests