Difference between revisions of "Nuosu and Mandarin/Contrastive grammar"
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− | + | ==Ten Sentences (in the Bible)== | |
+ | |||
+ | 1. 圣灵驱使耶稣进入旷野。 | ||
+ | ꌃꎔꒌꆹꑳꌠꋌꇤꅷꇈꈬꇉꃪꁧ。 | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. 他们立刻丢下网,跟从了他。 | ||
+ | ꋋꇅꃅꉛꐱꋍꑊꇵꇫꎭꇈꀕ, ꋍꊂꈹꁧꀐ。 | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. 全城都聚集在门口。 | ||
+ | ꇓꈓꋋꇬꊿꃅꇁꌊꀃꈈꁭꑭꏓꌐ。 | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. 西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。 | ||
+ | ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。 | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5. 遇见他时,他对他说:“每个人都在找你。” | ||
+ | ꑳꌠꋀꎹꊊꄮꇬꆏ, ꇬꏭ: “ ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ” ꄷ。 | ||
+ | |||
+ | 6. 耶稣严厉地嘱咐他,打发他走了, | ||
+ | ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ, ꋌꑳꌠꇱꇤꅷꁧ, | ||
+ | |||
+ | 7. 有几个文士坐在那里,心中嘀咕: | ||
+ | ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ, ꋀꉌꃀꄸꈐꆏ: | ||
+ | |||
+ | 8. “我告诉你,起来!拿你的床回家。” | ||
+ | “ ꉢꅽꏯꉉ,ꄓꇁ!ꅽꈈꇉꏓꌊꀁꇬꁧꌶ” ꄷ。 | ||
+ | |||
+ | 9. 耶稣一再嘱咐他们不要透露他。 | ||
+ | ꑳꌠꀱꇊꀱꃅꋀꏭꋍꅔꄡꀖꄷ。 | ||
+ | |||
+ | 10. 并赐给他们赶鬼的权柄。 | ||
+ | ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。 | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Differences== | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Nuosu: S-O-V; Mandarin: S-V-O | ||
+ | |||
+ | * {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ|耶稣严厉地嘱咐他}} ("Jesus told him seriously") | ||
+ | *: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠ{{tag|n}} ꈯꀕꃅ{{tag|adv}} ꇬ{{tag|prn}} ꏭ{{tag|vblex}} ꉉꇈ{{tag|vblex}}| 耶稣{{tag|np}} 严厉地{{tag|adv}} 嘱咐{{tag|vblex}} 他{{tag|prn}}}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | * {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꇐꁈꋍꐋꀨꏣꅔ|鲁珀保护他的朋友}} ("Lupo protected his friend.") | ||
+ | *: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꇐꁈ{{tag|n}} ꋍ{{tag|prn}} ꐋꀨ{{tag|n}} ꏣꅔ{{tag|vblex}}| 鲁珀{{tag|np}} 保护{{tag|vblex}} 他的{{tag|prn}} 朋友{{tag|n}}}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Nuosu: Classifier occurs after nouns and verbs; Mandarin: Classifier occurs before nouns and verbs | ||
+ | |||
+ | * {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ|几个文士坐在那里}} ("Some literates were there") | ||
+ | *: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷ{{tag|n}} ꌤꃅꊿ{{tag|n}} ꑠ{{tag|part}} ꈍꑍ{{tag|adj}} ꑹ{{tag|cl}} ꀊꄶ{{tag|prn}} ꇬ{{tag|pr}} ꑌ{{tag|vblex}}| 几个{{tag|cl}} 文{{tag|n}} 士{{tag|n}} 坐{{tag|vblex}} 在{{tag|pr}} 那里{{tag|prn}}}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | * {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꆿꒉꑍꍔ|两碗茶}} ("Two bowls of tea.") | ||
+ | *: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꆿꒉ{{tag|n}} ꑍ{{tag|num}} ꍔ{{tag|cl}}| 两{{tag|num}} 碗{{tag|cl}} 茶{{tag|n}}}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Nuosu has explicit topic marker, whereas Mandarin doesn't. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。|西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。}} (“Simon and his friends looking for Jesus”) | ||
+ | *: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꑭꂱ{{tag|prn}} ꌋꆀ{{tag|cnj}} ꋍ{{tag|prn}} ꐋꀨ{{tag|n}} ꈧ{{tag|part}} ꑳꌠ{{tag|prn}} ꎹ{{tag|v}} | 西蒙{{tag|prn}} 和{{tag|cnj}} 他{{tag|prn}} 的{{tag|part}} 同伴{{tag|n}} 寻找{{tag|v}} 耶稣{{tag|prn}}}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | * {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꃅꇫꆹꂘꃀꂷꉬ。|木高是个老师。}} (“Mugo is a teacher.”) | ||
+ | *: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꃅꇫ{{tag|prn}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꂘꃀ{{tag|n}} ꂷ{{tag|cl}} ꉬ{{tag|vblex}}| 木高{{tag|prn}} 是{{tag|vblex}} 个{{tag|cl}} 老师{{tag|n}}}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Except from the universal quantifier, Nuosu indicates exhaustion at the end of the sentence by the exhaustion particle ꌐ. | ||
+ | * {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ。|大家都正在找你。}} (“Everyone is looking for you”) | ||
+ | *: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉹꁌ{{tag|prn}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adv}} ꆏ{{tag|prn}} ꎷ{{tag|vblex}} ꐺ{{tag|pr}} ꌐ{{tag|part}}| 大家{{tag|prn}} 都{{tag|adv}} 在{{tag|vblex}} 找{{tag|vblex}} 你{{tag|prn}}}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | ꊋꋠꅍꉢꋰꄉꌐ | ||
+ | * {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋀꊇꇁꌐꀐ。|他们都来了。}} (“They all came.”) | ||
+ | *: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꋀꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꇁ{{tag|vblex}} ꌐ{{tag|part}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 他们{{tag|prn}} 都{{tag|adv}} 来{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|pr}}}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 5. Mandarin has adjective-specific marker, whereas Nuosu doesn't. | ||
+ | |||
+ | * {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。|并给他们赶鬼的权柄。}} (“Additionally, gave him the power to expel ghosts.”) | ||
+ | *: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉈꑴ{{tag|adv}} ꑊꋌ{{tag|n}} ꈹ{{tag|vblex}} ꌅꈌ{{tag|n}} ꄻ{{tag|vblex}} ꋀ{{tag|prn}} ꁳ{{tag|vblex}} | 并{{tag|adv}} 给{{tag|vblex}} 他们{{tag|prn}} 赶{{tag|vblex}} 鬼{{tag|n}} 的{{tag|part}} 权柄{{tag|n}}}} | ||
+ | |||
+ | * {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꌤꊋꋠꐘ。|一件困难的事。}} (“A difficult issue.”) | ||
+ | *: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꌤ{{tag|n}} ꊋꋠ{{tag|adj}} ꐘ{{tag|cl}} | 一件{{tag|cl}} 困难{{tag|adj}} 的{{tag|part}} 事{{tag|n}}}} | ||
+ | |||
[[category:sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[category:Nuosu]] | [[category:sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[category:Nuosu]] |
Latest revision as of 19:34, 28 April 2022
Ten Sentences (in the Bible)
1. 圣灵驱使耶稣进入旷野。 ꌃꎔꒌꆹꑳꌠꋌꇤꅷꇈꈬꇉꃪꁧ。
2. 他们立刻丢下网,跟从了他。 ꋋꇅꃅꉛꐱꋍꑊꇵꇫꎭꇈꀕ, ꋍꊂꈹꁧꀐ。
3. 全城都聚集在门口。 ꇓꈓꋋꇬꊿꃅꇁꌊꀃꈈꁭꑭꏓꌐ。
4. 西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。 ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。
5. 遇见他时,他对他说:“每个人都在找你。” ꑳꌠꋀꎹꊊꄮꇬꆏ, ꇬꏭ: “ ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ” ꄷ。
6. 耶稣严厉地嘱咐他,打发他走了, ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ, ꋌꑳꌠꇱꇤꅷꁧ,
7. 有几个文士坐在那里,心中嘀咕: ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ, ꋀꉌꃀꄸꈐꆏ:
8. “我告诉你,起来!拿你的床回家。” “ ꉢꅽꏯꉉ,ꄓꇁ!ꅽꈈꇉꏓꌊꀁꇬꁧꌶ” ꄷ。
9. 耶稣一再嘱咐他们不要透露他。 ꑳꌠꀱꇊꀱꃅꋀꏭꋍꅔꄡꀖꄷ。
10. 并赐给他们赶鬼的权柄。 ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。
Differences
1. Nuosu: S-O-V; Mandarin: S-V-O
- (iii) ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ → (zho) 耶稣严厉地嘱咐他 ("Jesus told him seriously")
- (iii) ꑳꌠ<n> ꈯꀕꃅ<adv> ꇬ<prn> ꏭ<vblex> ꉉꇈ<vblex> → (zho) 耶稣<np> 严厉地<adv> 嘱咐<vblex> 他<prn>
- (iii) ꇐꁈꋍꐋꀨꏣꅔ → (zho) 鲁珀保护他的朋友 ("Lupo protected his friend.")
- (iii) ꇐꁈ<n> ꋍ<prn> ꐋꀨ<n> ꏣꅔ<vblex> → (zho) 鲁珀<np> 保护<vblex> 他的<prn> 朋友<n>
2. Nuosu: Classifier occurs after nouns and verbs; Mandarin: Classifier occurs before nouns and verbs
- (iii) ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ → (zho) 几个文士坐在那里 ("Some literates were there")
- (iii) ꁱꂷ<n> ꌤꃅꊿ<n> ꑠ<part> ꈍꑍ<adj> ꑹ<cl> ꀊꄶ<prn> ꇬ<pr> ꑌ<vblex> → (zho) 几个<cl> 文<n> 士<n> 坐<vblex> 在<pr> 那里<prn>
- (iii) ꆿꒉꑍꍔ → (zho) 两碗茶 ("Two bowls of tea.")
- (iii) ꆿꒉ<n> ꑍ<num> ꍔ<cl> → (zho) 两<num> 碗<cl> 茶<n>
3. Nuosu has explicit topic marker, whereas Mandarin doesn't.
- (iii) ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。 → (zho) 西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。 (“Simon and his friends looking for Jesus”)
- (iii) ꑭꂱ<prn> ꌋꆀ<cnj> ꋍ<prn> ꐋꀨ<n> ꈧ<part> ꑳꌠ<prn> ꎹ<v> → (zho) 西蒙<prn> 和<cnj> 他<prn> 的<part> 同伴<n> 寻找<v> 耶稣<prn>
- (iii) ꃅꇫꆹꂘꃀꂷꉬ。 → (zho) 木高是个老师。 (“Mugo is a teacher.”)
- (iii) ꃅꇫ<prn> ꆹ<part> ꂘꃀ<n> ꂷ<cl> ꉬ<vblex> → (zho) 木高<prn> 是<vblex> 个<cl> 老师<n>
4. Except from the universal quantifier, Nuosu indicates exhaustion at the end of the sentence by the exhaustion particle ꌐ.
- (iii) ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ。 → (zho) 大家都正在找你。 (“Everyone is looking for you”)
- (iii) ꉹꁌ<prn> ꉬꇮ<adv> ꆏ<prn> ꎷ<vblex> ꐺ<pr> ꌐ<part> → (zho) 大家<prn> 都<adv> 在<vblex> 找<vblex> 你<prn>
ꊋꋠꅍꉢꋰꄉꌐ
- (iii) ꋀꊇꇁꌐꀐ。 → (zho) 他们都来了。 (“They all came.”)
- (iii) ꋀꊇ<prn> ꇁ<vblex> ꌐ<part> ꀐ<part> → (zho) 他们<prn> 都<adv> 来<vblex> 了<pr>
5. Mandarin has adjective-specific marker, whereas Nuosu doesn't.
- (iii) ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。 → (zho) 并给他们赶鬼的权柄。 (“Additionally, gave him the power to expel ghosts.”)
- (iii) ꉈꑴ<adv> ꑊꋌ<n> ꈹ<vblex> ꌅꈌ<n> ꄻ<vblex> ꋀ<prn> ꁳ<vblex> → (zho) 并<adv> 给<vblex> 他们<prn> 赶<vblex> 鬼<n> 的<part> 权柄<n>
- (iii) ꌤꊋꋠꐘ。 → (zho) 一件困难的事。 (“A difficult issue.”)
- (iii) ꌤ<n> ꊋꋠ<adj> ꐘ<cl> → (zho) 一件<cl> 困难<adj> 的<part> 事<n>