Difference between revisions of "Nuosu and Mandarin/Contrastive grammar"

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* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ|耶稣严厉地嘱咐他}} ("Jesus told him seriously")
 
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ|耶稣严厉地嘱咐他}} ("Jesus told him seriously")
 
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠ{{tag|n}} ꈯꀕꃅ{{tag|adv}} ꇬ{{tag|prn}} ꏭ{{tag|vblex}} ꉉꇈ{{tag|vblex}}| 耶稣{{tag|np}} 严厉地{{tag|adv}} 嘱咐{{tag|vblex}} 他{{tag|prn}}}}
 
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꑳꌠ{{tag|n}} ꈯꀕꃅ{{tag|adv}} ꇬ{{tag|prn}} ꏭ{{tag|vblex}} ꉉꇈ{{tag|vblex}}| 耶稣{{tag|np}} 严厉地{{tag|adv}} 嘱咐{{tag|vblex}} 他{{tag|prn}}}}
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 +
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꇐꁈꋍꐋꀨꏣꅔ|鲁珀保护他的朋友}} ("Lupo protected his friend.")
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꇐꁈ{{tag|n}} ꋍ{{tag|prn}} ꐋꀨ{{tag|n}} ꏣꅔ{{tag|vblex}}| 鲁珀{{tag|np}} 保护{{tag|vblex}} 他的{{tag|prn}} 朋友{{tag|n}}}}
 +
  
 
2. Nuosu: Classifier occurs after nouns and verbs; Mandarin: Classifier occurs before nouns and verbs
 
2. Nuosu: Classifier occurs after nouns and verbs; Mandarin: Classifier occurs before nouns and verbs
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* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ|几个文士坐在那里}} ("Some literates were there")
 
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ|几个文士坐在那里}} ("Some literates were there")
 
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷ{{tag|n}} ꌤꃅꊿ{{tag|n}} ꑠ{{tag|part}} ꈍꑍ{{tag|adj}} ꑹ{{tag|cl}} ꀊꄶ{{tag|prn}} ꇬ{{tag|pr}} ꑌ{{tag|vblex}}| 几个{{tag|cl}} 文{{tag|n}} 士{{tag|n}} 坐{{tag|vblex}} 在{{tag|pr}} 那里{{tag|prn}}}}
 
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꁱꂷ{{tag|n}} ꌤꃅꊿ{{tag|n}} ꑠ{{tag|part}} ꈍꑍ{{tag|adj}} ꑹ{{tag|cl}} ꀊꄶ{{tag|prn}} ꇬ{{tag|pr}} ꑌ{{tag|vblex}}| 几个{{tag|cl}} 文{{tag|n}} 士{{tag|n}} 坐{{tag|vblex}} 在{{tag|pr}} 那里{{tag|prn}}}}
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 +
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꆿꒉꑍꍔ|两碗茶}} ("Two bowls of tea.")
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho|ꆿꒉ{{tag|n}} ꑍ{{tag|num}} ꍔ{{tag|cl}}| 两{{tag|num}} 碗{{tag|cl}} 茶{{tag|n}}}}
 +
  
 
3. Nuosu has explicit topic marker, whereas Mandarin doesn't.
 
3. Nuosu has explicit topic marker, whereas Mandarin doesn't.
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* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。|西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。}} (“Simon and his friends looking for Jesus”)
 
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。|西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。}} (“Simon and his friends looking for Jesus”)
 
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꑭꂱ{{tag|prn}} ꌋꆀ{{tag|cnj}} ꋍ{{tag|prn}} ꐋꀨ{{tag|n}} ꈧ{{tag|part}} ꑳꌠ{{tag|prn}} ꎹ{{tag|v}} | 西蒙{{tag|prn}} 和{{tag|cnj}} 他{{tag|prn}} 的{{tag|part}} 同伴{{tag|n}} 寻找{{tag|v}} 耶稣{{tag|prn}}}}
 
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꑭꂱ{{tag|prn}} ꌋꆀ{{tag|cnj}} ꋍ{{tag|prn}} ꐋꀨ{{tag|n}} ꈧ{{tag|part}} ꑳꌠ{{tag|prn}} ꎹ{{tag|v}} | 西蒙{{tag|prn}} 和{{tag|cnj}} 他{{tag|prn}} 的{{tag|part}} 同伴{{tag|n}} 寻找{{tag|v}} 耶稣{{tag|prn}}}}
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* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꃅꇫꆹꂘꃀꂷꉬ。|木高是个老师。}} (“Mugo is a teacher.”)
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꃅꇫ{{tag|prn}} ꆹ{{tag|part}} ꂘꃀ{{tag|n}} ꂷ{{tag|cl}} ꉬ{{tag|vblex}}| 木高{{tag|prn}} 是{{tag|vblex}} 个{{tag|cl}} 老师{{tag|n}}}}
 +
  
 
4. Except from the universal quantifier, Nuosu indicates exhaustion at the end of the sentence by the exhaustion particle ꌐ.
 
4. Except from the universal quantifier, Nuosu indicates exhaustion at the end of the sentence by the exhaustion particle ꌐ.
 
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ。|大家都正在找你。}} (“Everyone is looking for you”)
 
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ。|大家都正在找你。}} (“Everyone is looking for you”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉹꁌ{{tag|prn}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adv}} ꆏ{{tag|prn}} ꎷ{{tag|v}} ꐺ{{tag|part}} ꌐ{{tag|part}}| 大家{{tag|prn}} 都{{tag|adv}} 在{{tag|part}} 找{{tag|v}} 你{{tag|prn}}}}
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*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉹꁌ{{tag|prn}} ꉬꇮ{{tag|adv}} ꆏ{{tag|prn}} ꎷ{{tag|vblex}} ꐺ{{tag|pr}} ꌐ{{tag|part}}| 大家{{tag|prn}} 都{{tag|adv}} 在{{tag|vblex}} 找{{tag|vblex}} 你{{tag|prn}}}}
 +
 
 +
ꊋꋠꅍꉢꋰꄉꌐ
 +
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꋀꊇꇁꌐꀐ。|他们都来了。}} (“They all came.”)
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꋀꊇ{{tag|prn}} ꇁ{{tag|vblex}} ꌐ{{tag|part}} ꀐ{{tag|part}}| 他们{{tag|prn}} 都{{tag|adv}} 来{{tag|vblex}} 了{{tag|pr}}}}
 +
 
  
 
5. Mandarin has adjective-specific marker, whereas Nuosu doesn't.
 
5. Mandarin has adjective-specific marker, whereas Nuosu doesn't.
  
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。|并赐给他们赶鬼的权柄。}} (“Additionally, gave him the power to expel ghosts.”)
+
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。|并给他们赶鬼的权柄。}} (“Additionally, gave him the power to expel ghosts.”)
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉈꑴ{{tag|adv}} ꑊꋌ{{tag|n}} ꈹ{{tag|vblex}} ꌅꈌ{{tag|n}} ꄻ{{tag|vblex}} ꋀ{{tag|prn}}| 并{{tag|adv}} 赐给{{tag|vblex}} 他们{{tag|prn}} 赶{{tag|vblex}} 鬼{{tag|n}} 的{{tag|part}} 权柄{{tag|n}}}}
+
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꉈꑴ{{tag|adv}} ꑊꋌ{{tag|n}} ꈹ{{tag|vblex}} ꌅꈌ{{tag|n}} ꄻ{{tag|vblex}} ꋀ{{tag|prn}} ꁳ{{tag|vblex}} | 并{{tag|adv}} {{tag|vblex}} 他们{{tag|prn}} 赶{{tag|vblex}} 鬼{{tag|n}} 的{{tag|part}} 权柄{{tag|n}}}}
 +
 
 +
* {{transferTest|iii|zho|ꌤꊋꋠꐘ。|一件困难的事。}} (“A difficult issue.”)
 +
*: {{transferMorphTest|iii|zho| ꌤ{{tag|n}} ꊋꋠ{{tag|adj}} ꐘ{{tag|cl}} | 一件{{tag|cl}} 困难{{tag|adj}} 的{{tag|part}} 事{{tag|n}}}}
  
  
 
[[category:sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[category:Nuosu]]
 
[[category:sp22_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[category:Nuosu]]

Latest revision as of 19:34, 28 April 2022

Ten Sentences (in the Bible)

1. 圣灵驱使耶稣进入旷野。 ꌃꎔꒌꆹꑳꌠꋌꇤꅷꇈꈬꇉꃪꁧ。

2. 他们立刻丢下网,跟从了他。 ꋋꇅꃅꉛꐱꋍꑊꇵꇫꎭꇈꀕ, ꋍꊂꈹꁧꀐ。

3. 全城都聚集在门口。 ꇓꈓꋋꇬꊿꃅꇁꌊꀃꈈꁭꑭꏓꌐ。

4. 西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。 ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。

5. 遇见他时,他对他说:“每个人都在找你。” ꑳꌠꋀꎹꊊꄮꇬꆏ, ꇬꏭ: “ ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ” ꄷ。

6. 耶稣严厉地嘱咐他,打发他走了, ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ, ꋌꑳꌠꇱꇤꅷꁧ,

7. 有几个文士坐在那里,心中嘀咕: ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ, ꋀꉌꃀꄸꈐꆏ:

8. “我告诉你,起来!拿你的床回家。” “ ꉢꅽꏯꉉ,ꄓꇁ!ꅽꈈꇉꏓꌊꀁꇬꁧꌶ” ꄷ。

9. 耶稣一再嘱咐他们不要透露他。 ꑳꌠꀱꇊꀱꃅꋀꏭꋍꅔꄡꀖꄷ。

10. 并赐给他们赶鬼的权柄。 ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。

Differences

1. Nuosu: S-O-V; Mandarin: S-V-O

  • (iii) ꑳꌠꏟꈯꀕꃅꇬꏭꉉꇈ → (zho) 耶稣严厉地嘱咐他 ("Jesus told him seriously")
    (iii) ꑳꌠ<n> ꈯꀕꃅ<adv><prn><vblex> ꉉꇈ<vblex> → (zho) 耶稣<np> 严厉地<adv> 嘱咐<vblex><prn>
  • (iii) ꇐꁈꋍꐋꀨꏣꅔ → (zho) 鲁珀保护他的朋友 ("Lupo protected his friend.")
    (iii) ꇐꁈ<n><prn> ꐋꀨ<n> ꏣꅔ<vblex> → (zho) 鲁珀<np> 保护<vblex> 他的<prn> 朋友<n>


2. Nuosu: Classifier occurs after nouns and verbs; Mandarin: Classifier occurs before nouns and verbs

  • (iii) ꁱꂷꌤꃅꊿꑠꈍꑍꑹꀊꄶꇬꑌ → (zho) 几个文士坐在那里 ("Some literates were there")
    (iii) ꁱꂷ<n> ꌤꃅꊿ<n><part> ꈍꑍ<adj><cl> ꀊꄶ<prn><pr><vblex> → (zho) 几个<cl><n><n><vblex><pr> 那里<prn>
  • (iii) ꆿꒉꑍꍔ → (zho) 两碗茶 ("Two bowls of tea.")
    (iii) ꆿꒉ<n><num><cl> → (zho) 两<num><cl><n>


3. Nuosu has explicit topic marker, whereas Mandarin doesn't.

  • (iii) ꑭꂱꌋꆀꋍꐋꀨꈧꑳꌠꎹ。 → (zho) 西蒙和他的同伴寻找耶稣。 (“Simon and his friends looking for Jesus”)
    (iii) ꑭꂱ<prn> ꌋꆀ<cnj><prn> ꐋꀨ<n><part> ꑳꌠ<prn><v> → (zho) 西蒙<prn><cnj><prn><part> 同伴<n> 寻找<v> 耶稣<prn>
  • (iii) ꃅꇫꆹꂘꃀꂷꉬ。 → (zho) 木高是个老师。 (“Mugo is a teacher.”)
    (iii) ꃅꇫ<prn><part> ꂘꃀ<n><cl><vblex> → (zho) 木高<prn><vblex><cl> 老师<n>


4. Except from the universal quantifier, Nuosu indicates exhaustion at the end of the sentence by the exhaustion particle ꌐ.

  • (iii) ꉹꁌꉬꇮꆏꎷꐺꌐ。 → (zho) 大家都正在找你。 (“Everyone is looking for you”)
    (iii) ꉹꁌ<prn> ꉬꇮ<adv><prn><vblex><pr><part> → (zho) 大家<prn><adv><vblex><vblex><prn>

ꊋꋠꅍꉢꋰꄉꌐ

  • (iii) ꋀꊇꇁꌐꀐ。 → (zho) 他们都来了。 (“They all came.”)
    (iii) ꋀꊇ<prn><vblex><part><part> → (zho) 他们<prn><adv><vblex><pr>


5. Mandarin has adjective-specific marker, whereas Nuosu doesn't.

  • (iii) ꉈꑴꑊꋌꈹꌅꈌꄻꋀꁳ。 → (zho) 并给他们赶鬼的权柄。 (“Additionally, gave him the power to expel ghosts.”)
    (iii) ꉈꑴ<adv> ꑊꋌ<n><vblex> ꌅꈌ<n><vblex><prn><vblex> → (zho) 并<adv><vblex> 他们<prn><vblex><n><part> 权柄<n>
  • (iii) ꌤꊋꋠꐘ。 → (zho) 一件困难的事。 (“A difficult issue.”)
    (iii) ꌤ<n> ꊋꋠ<adj><cl> → (zho) 一件<cl> 困难<adj><part><n>