Difference between revisions of "Tiwi/Grammar"
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=== Alternation 8: emphatic pronouns -ila and -awa suffixes === | === Alternation 8: emphatic pronouns -ila and -awa suffixes === | ||
To make a pronoun emphatic, Tiwi speakers add the suffixes -ila and -awa to the pronoun and sometimes use a combination of both. | To make a pronoun emphatic, Tiwi speakers add the suffixes -ila and -awa to the pronoun and sometimes use a combination of both. | ||
− | * {{morphTest|ngiy | + | * {{morphTest|ngiy{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|ngilawa}} |
− | * {{morphTest|nginj | + | * {{morphTest|nginj{{tag|prn}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|nginjila}} |
− | * {{morphTest|ngarr | + | * {{morphTest|ngarr{{tag|prn}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|ref}}{{tag|sg}}|ngatawa}} |
=== Alternation 9: feminine predicatives === | === Alternation 9: feminine predicatives === | ||
Line 74: | Line 74: | ||
=== Alternation 10: interrogative pronouns === | === Alternation 10: interrogative pronouns === | ||
Interrogative pronouns used for humans e.g. who? | Interrogative pronouns used for humans e.g. who? | ||
− | * {{morphTest|kuwa | + | * {{morphTest|kuwa{{tag|prn}}{{tag|itg}}{{tag|f}}|kuwanga}} |
− | * {{morphTest|kuwa | + | * {{morphTest|kuwa{{tag|prn}}{{tag|itg}}{{tag|m}}|kuwani}} |
− | * {{morphTest|kuwa | + | * {{morphTest|kuwa{{tag|prn}}{{tag|itg}}{{tag|pl}}|kuwapi}} |
Interrogative pronouns used for things e.g. which? what? | Interrogative pronouns used for things e.g. which? what? | ||
− | * {{morphTest|kami | + | * {{morphTest|kami{{tag|prn}}{{tag|itg}}{{tag|m}}|kamini}} |
− | * {{morphTest|kami | + | * {{morphTest|kami{{tag|prn}}{{tag|itg}}{{tag|f}}|kamunga}} |
=== Alternation 11: masculine predicatives=== | === Alternation 11: masculine predicatives=== |
Latest revision as of 15:12, 22 April 2021
We based our grammar documentation on the Traditional Tiwi interpretation from Tiwi Today.
Contents
- 1 Parts of Speech
- 2 Alternations
- 2.1 Alternation 1: singular imperative mood
- 2.2 Alternation 2: non-past verbs
- 2.3 Alternation 3: past verbs
- 2.4 Alternation 4: direct object
- 2.5 Alternation 5: plural nouns -wi suffix
- 2.6 Alternation 6: feminine nouns -nga suffix
- 2.7 Alternation 7: feminine nouns -ka suffix
- 2.8 Alternation 8: emphatic pronouns -ila and -awa suffixes
- 2.9 Alternation 9: feminine predicatives
- 2.10 Alternation 10: interrogative pronouns
- 2.11 Alternation 11: masculine predicatives
- 2.12 Alternation 12: feminine adjectives -nga suffix
- 2.13 Alternation 13: feminine adjectives -ka suffix
- 2.14 Alternation 14: plural adjectives -wi suffix
- 2.15 Alternation 15: masculine nouns -ni suffix
- 2.16 Alternation 16: masculine adjectives -ni suffix
- 2.17 Alternation 17: plural adjectives -pi suffix
- 2.18 Citations
Parts of Speech
Nominals<n>
Tiwi nominals include both nouns and adjectives, the distinction being that nouns refer to persons, animals and things, whereas adjectives refer to qualities or properties.
- nouns
- kin nouns
- numerals <num>
- adjectives <adj>
Verbals <v>
Tiwi verb structure consists of several grammatical concepts: person, number, gender, tense, aspect, mood, voice, location/direction, time of day, stance, and emphasis.
- transitive <tv>
- intransitive <iv>
Other
- predicatives <pred>
- locatives <loc>
- temporals<temp>
- adverbs<adv>
- particles
- interjections <ij>
Alternations
Alternation 1: singular imperative mood
- wapa<v><iv><imp><s_sg2> ↔ taapa
- kirimi<v><iv><imp><s_sg2> ↔ takirimi
Alternation 2: non-past verbs
"Nonpast verbs have one of the non-past set of subject forms but are not otherwise marked for tense." [1]
- wapa<v><iv><nonpast><s_sg3><m> ↔ awapa
- pangurlimayi<v><iv><nonpast><s_sg1> ↔ ngipangurlimayi
- wapa<v><iv><nonpast><s_sg1> ↔ ngiwapa
Alternation 3: past verbs
"Past tense verbs are formed by a} selecting one of the past tense set of subject forms and b) inserting the past tense marker rə- wherever the subject form carries no tense meaning. (An exception to this is that rə- is inserted following pu- "they", which has a distinctively past tense meaning.)"[2]
- wapa<v><iv><past><s_sg3><m> ↔ yiwapa
- pangurlimayi<v><iv><past><s_sg1> ↔ ngirripangurlimayi
- kirimi<v><iv><past><s_pl3> ↔ pirikirimi
- walangarti<v><iv><past><s_sg3><m> ↔ yiwalangarti
"In past tense verbs when third-person singular direct object co-occurs with a third-person singular subject, the subject prefixes are used to express gender of the object, and the gender of the subject is neutralized."[3]
- pirni <v><tv><past><s_sg3><o_sg3><m> ↔ yipirni
Alternation 4: direct object
- takirayi<v><tv><nonpast><s_sg3><m><o_pl3> ↔ awuntakirayi
- pirni<v><tv><past><s_sg3><m><o_sg1> ↔ yiminipirni
Alternation 5: plural nouns -wi suffix
- ti<n><pl> ↔ tiwi
- manta<n><pl> ↔ mantawi
- pulanguma<n><pl> ↔ pulangumawi
Alternation 6: feminine nouns -nga suffix
- ti<n><f> ↔ tinga
- manta<n><f> ↔ mantanga
Alternation 7: feminine nouns -ka suffix
- pulanguma<n><f> ↔ pulangumaka
Alternation 8: emphatic pronouns -ila and -awa suffixes
To make a pronoun emphatic, Tiwi speakers add the suffixes -ila and -awa to the pronoun and sometimes use a combination of both.
- ngiy<prn><ref><p1><sg> ↔ ngilawa
- nginj<prn><ref><p2><sg> ↔ nginjila
- ngarr<prn><m><ref><sg> ↔ ngatawa
Alternation 9: feminine predicatives
- wurumi<adj><pred><f> ↔ juwurumi
- porimi<adj><pred><f> ↔ jiporimi
- kupuranji<adj><pred><f> ↔ jikupuranji
Alternation 10: interrogative pronouns
Interrogative pronouns used for humans e.g. who?
- kuwa<prn><itg><f> ↔ kuwanga
- kuwa<prn><itg><m> ↔ kuwani
- kuwa<prn><itg><pl> ↔ kuwapi
Interrogative pronouns used for things e.g. which? what?
- kami<prn><itg><m> ↔ kamini
- kami<prn><itg><f> ↔ kamunga
Alternation 11: masculine predicatives
- kupuranji<adj><pred><m> ↔ yirikupuranji
- wurumi<adj><pred><m> ↔ yuwurumi
- porimi<adj><pred><m> ↔ yiporimi
Alternation 12: feminine adjectives -nga suffix
- tuniwu<adj><f> ↔ tuniwunga
- arikula<adj><f> ↔ arikulanga
Alternation 13: feminine adjectives -ka suffix
- pumpu<adj><f> ↔ pumpuka
- punkiri<adj><f> ↔ punkirika
- panimi<adj><f> ↔ panimika
- pijuwali<adj><f> ↔ pijuwalika
Alternation 14: plural adjectives -wi suffix
- pumpu<adj><pl> ↔ pumpuwi
- tuniwu<adj><pl> ↔ tuniwuwi
Alternation 15: masculine nouns -ni suffix
- ti<n><m> ↔ tini
- manta<n><m> ↔ mantani
- pulanguma<n><m> ↔ pulangumani
Alternation 16: masculine adjectives -ni suffix
- tuniwu<adj><m> ↔ tuniwuni
- pumpu<adj><m> ↔ pumpuni
- punkiri<adj><m> ↔ punkirini
- panimi<adj><m> ↔ panimini
- pijuwali<adj><m> ↔ pijuwalini
- arikula<adj><m> ↔ arikulani
Alternation 17: plural adjectives -pi suffix
- punkiri<adj><pl> ↔ punkiripi
- pijuwali<adj><pl> ↔ pijuwalipi
- arikula<adj><pl> ↔ arikulapi