Difference between revisions of "Wamesa/Grammar"
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* {{morphTest|mouth{{tag|n}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|poss}}|mensoremi}} | * {{morphTest|mouth{{tag|n}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|poss}}|mensoremi}} | ||
* {{morphTest|mouth{{tag|n}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|poss}}|sensoremi}} | * {{morphTest|mouth{{tag|n}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|poss}}|sensoremi}} | ||
− | + | ===Irregularity=== | |
+ | Sometimes, possession is handled with separate words. This evokes an archaic feeling, as the words come from old Austronesian influence. For this reason, these possessives are found in hymn books and the like: | ||
+ | * {{morphTest|Lord{{tag|n}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|poss}}|nomu Sjen}} | ||
+ | * {{morphTest|elder brother{{tag|n}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|poss}}|nemu babai}} | ||
+ | * {{morphTest|orphan{{tag|n}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|poss}}|memu antum}} | ||
[[Category:Grammar documentation]] | [[Category:Grammar documentation]] | ||
+ | [[Category:Wamesa]] |
Revision as of 03:02, 8 February 2017
Contents
Wamesa Pronouns
The Wamesa pronouns are as follows:
- Person ............Cardinal Form
- 1 p. sg. . . . . . yau
- 2 p. sg. . . . . . au
- 3 p. sg. . . . . . i
- 1 p. du. in. . . . nan(d)u
- 1 p. du. ex. . . . amu(n)
- 2 p. du. . . . . . man(d)u
- 3 p. du. . . . . . san(d)u
- 1 p. tr. in. . . . tatoru
- 1 p. tr. ex. . . . amatoru
- 2 p. tr. . . . . . metoru
- 3 p. tr. . . . . . setoru
- 1 p. pl. in. . . . tata(t)
- 1 p. pl. ex. . . . ama(t)
- 2 p. pl. . . . . . mia(t)
- 3 p. pl. hum.. . . sia(t)
- 3 p. pl. non-hum.. si
Human-ness
In Wamesa, morphemes indicate whether something is a human <hum> or non-human <nohum>. However, this only affects the 3pl forms of a word.
- eat<v><3pl><hum> ↔ setapi
- eat<v><3pl><nohum> ↔ siapi
- blue<adj><3pl><nohum> ↔ siverawana
- "They (nonhuman) are blue"
Wamesa Verbs
Wamesa verbs (<v>) conjugate in a way similar to the pronouns:
- Person ............Prefix (Infix) Form
- 1 p. sg. . . . . . i-, y-
- 2 p. sg. . . . . . bu-, -u-
- 3 p. sg. . . . . . di-, -i-
- 1 p. du. in. . . . tu(n)-
- 1 p. du. ex. . . . amu(n)-
- 2 p. du. . . . . . mu(n)-
- 3 p. du. . . . . . su(n)-
- 1 p. pl. in. . . . ta(n)-
- 1 p. pl. ex. . . . ama(n)-
- 2 p. pl. . . . . . me(n)-
- 3 p. pl. hum.. . . se(n)-
- 3 p. pl. non-hum.. si
As such, they ought to be tagged with one of <p1>, <p2>, and <p3>, and one of <sg>, <du>, and <pl>.
Inclusivity
Inclusivity (<incl>, <excl>) in Wamesa affects 1du and 1pl (1sg is always exclusive by nature), and indicates whether the listener is included in the narrator's group.
Inclusivity in Verbs
- cut<v><1du><incl> ↔ tupera
- cut<v><idu><excl> ↔ amupera
- cut<v><1pl><incl> ↔ tapera
- cut<v><1pl><excl> ↔ amapera
Inclusivity in Pronouns
In addition to conjugating with verbs, inclusivity can affect the use of pronouns:
- 1 p. du. in. . . . nan(d)u
- 1 p. du. ex. . . . amu(n)
- 1 p. pl. in. . . . tata(t)
- 1 p. pl. ex. . . . ama(t)
Number
Wamesa pronouns, and verbs undergo alternation as a result of number. When indicating the number of nouns, articles are attached, rather than changing the actual form of the noun. The same goes for when adjectives are converted into nouns by adding articles to them. The Wamesa system includes singular (<sg>), dual (<du>), (trial (<tr>),) and plural (<pl>).
Number in Pronouns
Pronouns in their cardinal form undergo alternations based on number. Take, for example, the <p2> pronoun in <sg>, <du>, and <pl> forms:
- 2 p. sg. . . . . . au
- 2 p. du. . . . . . man(d)u
- 2 p. pl. . . . . . mia(t)
Sometimes, there are multiple forms of each number, depending on other factors. As we see below, inclusivity and human-ness play a part in the form of pronouns:
- 1 p. du. in. . . . nan(d)u
- 1 p. du. ex. . . . amu(n)
- 3 p. pl. hum.. . . sia(t)
- 3 p. pl. non-hum.. si
There are actually trial forms of all three persons, as below. These forms are remnants from old Austronesian influence. However, these are very rare and conjugate as <pl> forms when with a verb.
- 1 p. tr. in. . . . tatoru
- 1 p. tr. ex. . . . amatoru
- 2 p. tr. . . . . . metoru
- 3 p. tr. . . . . . setoru
Number in Verbs
Verbs conjugate based on the number of persons acting.
- eat<v><p2><sg> ↔ buapi
- eat<v><p2><du> ↔ murapi
- eat<v><p2><pl> ↔ metapi
Sometimes, number morphemes are infixes:
- cut<v><p2><sg> ↔ puera
- cut<v><p3><sg> ↔ piera
Wamesa Articles
There are two types of articles in Wamesa - definite and indefinite - but they behave slightly differently than in English. Perhaps most importantly, they can attach to adjectives to turn the resulting phrase into a noun.
Definite Articles
The definite article (<def>) in Wamesa has a few forms: pai<sg>, pasanu<du>, and pasiat<pl>. Some examples are as follows:
- child<n><def> ↔ antum-pai
- "The child"
- fish<n><def> ↔ dian-pai
- "The fish"
- eye<n><du><def> ↔ re-pasanu
- "The two eyes"
- Windesi people<n><def> ↔ Windesi-pasiat
- "The Windesi people"
Exception:
- person<n><du><def> ↔ sinitu-pa
Indefinite Articles
The indefinite article(<indef>) in Wamesa is pesi. Examples below:
- man<n><indef> ↔ muan-pesi
- "A man"
- big<adj><indef> ↔ baba-pesi
- "Something big"
pesi is almost always inert, but it occasionally found in its dual and plural forms:
- woman<n><du><indef> ↔ babin-pesi-sanu
- "Some two women"
- night<n><pl><indef> ↔ diru-pesasi
- "Some nights"
Intensity
Intensity in Wamesa is usually handled by reduplication on the verb. To indicate intensity, verbs reduplicate a portion of their stem, usually a single, coda-less syllable. Verbs can either be intensified (<int>), or regular intensity.
- go quickly<v><p1><sg> ↔ ira saira
- "I go quickly"
- go quickly<v><p1><sg><int> ↔ ira sasaira
- "I go very quickly"
- hot<adj><p1><sg> ↔ yau imase
- "I'm hot"
- hot<adj><p1><sg><int> ↔ yau imamase
- "I'm very hot"
Intensity of a situation is also handled by reduplication in the verb. In fact, sometimes multiple parts of a sentence can be altered to add intensity.
- leech<n><v> ↔ riopai piau
- "There is a leech"
- leech<n><int><v> ↔ ririopai piau
- "There are many leeches"
- leech<n><v><int> ↔ ririopai sipau
- "there are very many leeches" (verb is intensified)
- leech<n><int><v><int> ↔ ririopasi sipau
- "There are extremely many leeches" (verb and noun are intensified)
Possession
Possession affects nouns in Wamesa. The nouns undergo alterations depending on whether they belong (<poss>) to <p1>, <p2>, or <p3>; <sg>, <du>, or <pl>.
- mouth<n><p1><sg><poss> ↔ sore-pat
- mouth<n><p2><sg><poss> ↔ soremi
- mouth<n><p3><sg><poss> ↔ soreni
- mouth<n><p1><pl><incl><poss> ↔ tansoremi
- mouth<n><p1><pl><excl><poss> ↔ amansoremi
- mouth<n><p2><pl><poss> ↔ mensoremi
- mouth<n><p3><pl><poss> ↔ sensoremi
Irregularity
Sometimes, possession is handled with separate words. This evokes an archaic feeling, as the words come from old Austronesian influence. For this reason, these possessives are found in hymn books and the like:
- Lord<n><p2><poss> ↔ nomu Sjen
- elder brother<n><p2><poss> ↔ nemu babai
- orphan<n><p2><poss> ↔ memu antum