Wamesa and Tongan/Contrastive Grammar

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contrastive points Tense

  • Present tense marker in tongan

VSO vs SVO
Pronouns

  • Hum vs nohum
  • Ordinary /emotional

Pluralization


ton-wad tests

Present Tense

We (dual) are happy.

  • (ton) ʻoku ma fiefia → (wad) tusanevesie
    (ton) ʻoku<aux><v><present> ma<prn><prepd><p1><exl><du> fiefia<adj> → (wad) tusanevesie<adj><p1><du><excl>

Sentence structure (VSO vs SVO)

She is not sick.

  • (ton) ʻoku ʻikai ke puke → (wad) piota va
    (ton) ʻoku<aux><v><present> ʻikai<adj> ke<prn><prepd><p2><sg> puke<adj> → (wad) piota<adj><p3><sg> va<neg>

Human vs Nonhuman

They (human) are all happy.

  • (ton) ʻoku nau lata kotoa pē kinautolu → (wad) setisanevesie
    (ton) ʻoku<> nau<> lata<> kotoa<><> kinautolu<> → (wad) setisanevesie<adj><p3><pl><hum>

Ordinary/emotional possessive pronouns

My pig. (My cherished pig).

  • (ton) siʻaku puaka → (wad) pimunapat
    (ton) siʻaku<prn><poss><emotional> puaka<n><sg> → (wad) pimunapat<n><p1><poss>

Noun Pluralization

The dogs are sick.

  • (ton) ʻoku puke e fanga kuli → (wad) wonapasiat sipota
    (ton) ʻoku<aux><v><present> sick<adj> e<adj><def> fanga<cl><pl> kuli<n><pl> → (wad) wonapasiat<n><def><pl> sipota<adj><p3><pl><nohum>

wad-ton tests