Difference between revisions of "Waray and English/Contrastive Grammar"

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In Waray, there is a question marker that has the similar function as か(''ka'') in Japanese. Unlike Waray, English relies on inversion and intonation when asking a question. ''Ba'' emphasizes that a phrase is a question in Waray. ''Ba'' is placed after the verb and can be placed before the rest of the sentence.
 
In Waray, there is a question marker that has the similar function as か(''ka'') in Japanese. Unlike Waray, English relies on inversion and intonation when asking a question. ''Ba'' emphasizes that a phrase is a question in Waray. ''Ba'' is placed after the verb and can be placed before the rest of the sentence.
  
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Maampo hi Bong.|Bong will pray.}}  
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Maampo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} hi Bong.|Bong will pray.}}  
** Maampo '''ba''' hi Bong? [Will Bong pray?]
+
** {{transferTest|war|eng|Maampo{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} hi Bong{{tag|prn}}?|Will Bong{{tag|prn}} pray{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}}?}}
  
* Nasulod hira ha sinehan. [They went inside the movie house.]
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng| Nasulod{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} ha sinehan{{tag|n}}.|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} went{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} inside the movie house{{tag|n}}.}}
** Nasulod '''ba''' hira ha sinehan? [Did they go inside the movie house?]
+
** {{transferTest|war|eng|Nasulod{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} ha sinehan{{tag|n}}?|Did they go inside the movie house{{tag|n}}?}}
  
* Mabalhin ka '''ba''' didto? [Will you ''(singular)'' move there?]
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Mabalhin{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} ka{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}} didto{{tag|dem}}?|Will you ''(singular)''{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} move{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|futd}} there{{tag|dem}}?}}
  
* Matuok ka '''ba'''? [Did you ''(singular)'' cry?]
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Matuok{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}} ka{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} '''ba'''{{tag|vaux}}?|Did you ''(singular)''{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} cry{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|past}}?}}
  
 
==''Nga'' Linker==  
 
==''Nga'' Linker==  
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''Nga'' is a linker that connects adjectives and nouns together to create descriptive nouns. Unlike Waray, English does not need a linker to create descriptive words; the adjective can be easily placed in front of the noun and modify it.
 
''Nga'' is a linker that connects adjectives and nouns together to create descriptive nouns. Unlike Waray, English does not need a linker to create descriptive words; the adjective can be easily placed in front of the noun and modify it.
  
* Asul '''nga''' bola -> blue ball
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Asul{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' bola{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|blue ball{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
* Busag '''nga''' balay -> white house
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Busag{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' balay{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|white house{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
* matig-a '''nga''' bato –> hard rock
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|matig-a{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' bato{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}|hard rock{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}}}
  
 
When ''nga'' is used in equational sentences, the word order is as follows:
 
When ''nga'' is used in equational sentences, the word order is as follows:
 
; Descriptive word + ''nga'' + noun + Class I Marker + . . .  
 
; Descriptive word + ''nga'' + noun + Class I Marker + . . .  
* Hataas '''nga''' babaye hi Ruth. [Ruth is a tall woman.]
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Hataas{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi Ruth{{tag|prn}}.|Ruth{{tag|prn}} is a tall{{tag|adj}} woman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* Matambok '''nga''' lalake hi George. [George is a fat man.]
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Matambok{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' lalake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi George{{tag|prn}}.|George{{tag|prn}} is a fat{{tag|adj}} man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* Malipayon '''nga''' tawo hi Paul. [Paul is a happy person.]
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Malipayon{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' tawo{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hi Paul{{tag|prn}}.|Paul{{tag|prn}} is a happy{{tag|adj}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* Daragita '''nga''' babaye an bugto ni Jess. [Jess’ sister is a young girl.]
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Daragita{{tag|adj}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} an bugto{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ni{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}|ni}} Jess{{tag|prn}}.|Jess{{tag|prn}} ’{{tag|det}}{{tag|pos}}|ni}} sister{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is a young{{tag|adj}} girl{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
  
 
; Descriptive word + Class I Personal/General Pronoun + ''nga'' + noun + . . .  
 
; Descriptive word + Class I Personal/General Pronoun + ''nga'' + noun + . . .  
* Makusog hiya '''nga''' lalake. [He is a strong man.]
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Makusog hiya '''nga''' lalake{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|He is a strong man{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
* Hubya hira '''nga''' mga maestra. [They are lazy teachers.]
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Hubya hira '''nga''' mga maestra{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|They are lazy teachers{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}
* Habubo kami '''nga''' mga misyonero. [We(excl) missionaries are short.]
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Habubo kami '''nga''' mga misyonero{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|We(excl) missionaries{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are short.}}
* Padlas ini '''nga''' tawo. [This person is crazy.]
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Padlas ini{{tag|dem}} '''nga''' tawo{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|This{{tag|dem}} person{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is crazy.}}
* Maupay iton '''nga''' babaye. [That woman is pretty.]
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Maupay iton{{tag|dem}} '''nga''' babaye{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|That{{tag|dem}} woman{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} is pretty.}}
* Madig-on adto '''nga''' bangko. [That chair “over there” is strong.]
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Madig-on adto '''nga''' bangko{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.|That{{tag|dem}} chair “over there” is strong.}}
  
  
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When conjugating verbs into the present tense in Waray, some verb groups conjugate them by adding the prefix ''nag'' and the reduplication of the first syllable of the root of the verb to create the verb in the present tense. English does not use reduplication when conjugating verbs into the present tense.
 
When conjugating verbs into the present tense in Waray, some verb groups conjugate them by adding the prefix ''nag'' and the reduplication of the first syllable of the root of the verb to create the verb in the present tense. English does not use reduplication when conjugating verbs into the present tense.
  
* '''Nag'''mamando hi Jesus ha iya mga tinun-an. [Jesus is commanding his disciples.]
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''mamando{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} hi Jesus{{tag|n}} ha iya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} mga tinun-an{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|Jesus{{tag|n}} is commanding{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} his{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} disciples{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}
  
* '''Nag'''tratrabaho ako. [I am working.]
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''tratrabaho{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}} ako{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}.|I{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} am working{{tag|v}}{{tag|tv}}{{tag|pres}}.}}
  
* '''Nag'''-aaram hira hin Tagalog. [They are learning Tagalog.]
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Nag'''-aaram hira{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} hin Tagalog{{tag|n}}.|They{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}} are learning Tagalog{{tag|n}}.}}
  
 
== Grammatical Gender==
 
== Grammatical Gender==
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Waray is a gender-neutral language, unlike English where personal pronouns have grammatical gender.  
 
Waray is a gender-neutral language, unlike English where personal pronouns have grammatical gender.  
  
* Estudyante hiya. [He/She is a student.]
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Estudyante{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} hiya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}}|He/She{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|nom}} is a student{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
  
* Uyab niya. [His girlfriend/her boyfriend.]
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Uyab{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} niya{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}}.|His{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|pos}} girlfriend/her boyfriend{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}}.}}
  
 
==''Mga'' Marker==
 
==''Mga'' Marker==
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''Mga'' acts as a pluralizer, where if it is placed in front of a singular noun, it modifies it into a plural noun. In English, there is no pluralizer like ''mga'' as an –s can be added into the end of a noun or English has a different word that acts as the plural form for certain words.  
 
''Mga'' acts as a pluralizer, where if it is placed in front of a singular noun, it modifies it into a plural noun. In English, there is no pluralizer like ''mga'' as an –s can be added into the end of a noun or English has a different word that acts as the plural form for certain words.  
  
* '''Mga''' Philipino kami. [We (exclusive) are Filipinos.]
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Mga''' Philipino kami{{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|kami}}.|We (exclusive){{tag|prn}}{{tag|pers}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|excl}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|nom}}|kami}} are Filipinos{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}
  
* '''Mga''' libro ini. [These are books.]
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|'''Mga''' libro{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} ini{{tag|dem}}.|These{{tag|dem}} are books{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.}}
  
* Malabad an '''mga''' bata. [The children are naughty.]
+
* {{transferTest|war|eng|Malabad{{tag|adj}} an '''mga''' bata{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}.|The children{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}} are naughty{{tag|adj}}.}}
  
  
 
[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Waray]]
 
[[Category:Sp21_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Waray]]

Revision as of 23:47, 19 May 2021

Question Marker

In Waray, there is a question marker that has the similar function as か(ka) in Japanese. Unlike Waray, English relies on inversion and intonation when asking a question. Ba emphasizes that a phrase is a question in Waray. Ba is placed after the verb and can be placed before the rest of the sentence.

  • (war) Maampo<v><tv><futd> hi Bong. → (eng) Bong will pray.
    • (war) Maampo<v><tv><futd> ba<vaux> hi Bong<prn>? → (eng) Will Bong<prn> pray<v><tv><futd>?
  • (war) Nasulod<v><tv><past>hira<prn><pers><p3><pl><nom> ha sinehan<n>. → (eng) They<prn><pers><p3><pl><nom> went<v><tv><past> inside the movie house<n>.
    • (war) Nasulod<v><tv><past> ba<vaux> hira<prn><pers><p3><pl><nom> ha sinehan<n>? → (eng) Did they go inside the movie house<n>?
  • (war) Mabalhin<v><tv><futd> ka<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom> ba<vaux> didto<dem>? → (eng) Will you (singular)<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom> move<v><tv><futd> there<dem>?
  • (war) Matuok<v><tv><past> ka<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom> ba<vaux>? → (eng) Did you (singular)<prn><pers><p2><sg><nom> cry<v><tv><past>?

Nga Linker

Nga is a linker that connects adjectives and nouns together to create descriptive nouns. Unlike Waray, English does not need a linker to create descriptive words; the adjective can be easily placed in front of the noun and modify it.

  • (war) Asul<adj> nga bola<n><sg> → (eng) blue ball<n><sg>
  • (war) Busag<adj> nga balay<n><sg> → (eng) white house<n><sg>
  • (war) matig-a<adj> nga bato<n><sg> → (eng) hard rock<n><sg>

When nga is used in equational sentences, the word order is as follows:

Descriptive word + nga + noun + Class I Marker + . . .
  • (war) Hataas<adj> nga babaye<n><sg> hi Ruth<prn>. → (eng) Ruth<prn> is a tall<adj> woman<n><sg>.
  • (war) Matambok<adj> nga lalake<n><sg> hi George<prn>. → (eng) George<prn> is a fat<adj> man<n><sg>.
  • (war) Malipayon<adj> nga tawo<n><sg> hi Paul<prn>. → (eng) Paul<prn> is a happy<adj> person<n><sg>.
  • (war) Daragita<adj> nga babaye<n><sg> an bugto<n><sg> ni<det><pos> → (eng) ni Jess<prn>.|Jess<prn><det><pos>|ni}} sister<n><sg> is a young<adj> girl<n><sg>.}}
Descriptive word + Class I Personal/General Pronoun + nga + noun + . . .
  • (war) Makusog hiya nga lalake<n><sg>. → (eng) He is a strong man<n><sg>.
  • (war) Hubya hira nga mga maestra<n><pl>. → (eng) They are lazy teachers<n><pl>.
  • (war) Habubo kami nga mga misyonero<n><pl> → (eng) We(excl) missionaries<n><pl> are short.
  • (war) Padlas ini<dem> nga tawo<n><sg>. → (eng) This<dem> person<n><sg> is crazy.
  • (war) Maupay iton<dem> nga babaye<n><sg>. → (eng) That<dem> woman<n><sg> is pretty.
  • (war) Madig-on adto nga bangko<n><sg>. → (eng) That<dem> chair “over there” is strong.


Reduplication

When conjugating verbs into the present tense in Waray, some verb groups conjugate them by adding the prefix nag and the reduplication of the first syllable of the root of the verb to create the verb in the present tense. English does not use reduplication when conjugating verbs into the present tense.

  • (war) Nagmamando<v><tv><pres> hi Jesus<n> ha iya<prn><pers><p3><sg><pos> mga tinun-an<n><pl>. → (eng) Jesus<n> is commanding<v><tv><pres> his<prn><pers><p3><sg><pos> disciples<n><pl>.
  • (war) Nagtratrabaho<v><tv><pres> ako<prn><pers><p1><sg><nom>. → (eng) I{tag<pers><p1><sg><nom> am working<v><tv><pres>.}}
  • (war) Nag-aaram hira<prn><pers><p3><pl><nom> hin Tagalog<n>. → (eng) They<prn><pers><p3><pl><nom> are learning Tagalog<n>.

Grammatical Gender

Waray is a gender-neutral language, unlike English where personal pronouns have grammatical gender.

  • (war) Estudyante<n><sg> hiya<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom> → (eng) He/She<prn><pers><p3><sg><nom> is a student<n><sg>.
  • (war) Uyab<n><sg> niya<prn><pers><p3><sg><pos>. → (eng) His<prn><pers><p3><sg><pos> girlfriend/her boyfriend<n><sg>.

Mga Marker

Mga acts as a pluralizer, where if it is placed in front of a singular noun, it modifies it into a plural noun. In English, there is no pluralizer like mga as an –s can be added into the end of a noun or English has a different word that acts as the plural form for certain words.

  • (war) Mga Philipino kami<prn><pers><p1><excl><pl><nom> → (eng) kami.|We (exclusive)<prn><pers><p1><excl><pl><nom>|kami}} are Filipinos<n><pl>.}}
  • (war) Mga libro<n><pl> ini<dem>. → (eng) These<dem> are books<n><pl>.
  • (war) Malabad<adj> an mga bata<n><pl>. → (eng) The children<n><pl> are naughty<adj>.