Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

From LING073
Jump to: navigation, search

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.

  • (kgp) Inh mré nĩ fi vỹ tỹ, inh kafã fi nĩ. → (por) Minha esposa é minha companheira.
    (kgp) Inh<prn> mré<n><asp> fi<prn> vỹ<su> tỹ<ex>,<cm> inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.<sent> → (por) Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<vblex> minha<prn> companheira<n>.<sent>

"My wife is my companion."

  • (kgp) Nũgnũj ti nĩ, ã kur ti. → (por) A sua roupa está dobrada.
(kgp) Nũgnũj<n><dep><pl> ti<prn><asp>,<cm> ã<prn> kur<n> ti<prn>.<sent> → (por) A<det> sua<prn> <det> <3p> <f> roupa<n><f> está<vblex> dobrada<adj><f>.<sent>

"Your clothes are folded"

2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.

  • (kgp) Inh kósin tỹ ẽgno vỹ, inh mỹ tũg. → (por) Meu filho caçula morreu.
(kgp) Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<su><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.<sent> → (por) Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<vblex>.<sent>

"My youngest son died"

  • (kgp) São Paulo vỹ, rã jur ja tá nĩ. → (por) São Paulo fica no leste.
(kgp) São Paulo<n> vỹ<su>, rã jur ja tá<cir><asp>.<sent> → (por) São Paulo<n> fica<v> n<pr>o<det> leste<n>.<sent>

"Sao Paulo is eastwards"

3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.

  • (kgp) Téj ki tóg, ti panh kãfór nĩ, kyrũ ti. → (por) O moço é mais alto que o pai dele.
(kgp) Téj<n><dep><sg> ki<cir> tóg<su>, <cm> ti<prn> panh<n><dep> kãfór<n><dep><asp>,<cm> kyrũ<n><sg> ti<prn>.<sent> → (por) O<det><m> moço<n> é<vblex> mais alto<adj><m> que o<det> pai<n> d<pr>ele<prn>.<sent>

"The child is taller than their father."

4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.

  • (kgp) Tỹ ti ã jãmré nĩ. → (por) É seu cunhado.
(kgp) Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n><asp>.<sent> → (por) É<v> seu<prn> cunhado<n>.{tag}}

"He is his brother-in-law."

  • (kgp) Inh mỹ tóg tỹ ũn há nĩ ve nĩ. → (por) Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.
(kgp) Inh<prn><1p><sg> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ{tag → (por) ex ũn<prn><n><dep> nĩ ve<v><iv><asp>.<sent>|Tenho<vblex> a<det><f> impressão<n> que<prn> ele<prn> é<vblex> bom<adj>.<sent>}}

"I have the impression that he is good"


5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.

  • (kgp) Nĩ ra, ẽprã. → (por) Senta, no chão!
(kgp) Nĩ<v> ra<asp> ,<cm> ẽprã<cir> → (por) Senta<vblex>,<cm> n<pr>o<det> chão<n> !<sent>

Sit on the floor!

  • (kgp) Ẽg jagfy tóg ter, Jesus. → (por) Por nós morreu Jesus.
(kgp) Ẽg<prn><p1><pl> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>,<cm> Jesus<n> → (por) Por<pr> nós<prn> morreu<vblex> Jesus<n> .<sent>

"Jesus died for us."