Kickapoo and English/Contrastive Grammar

Differences

It is found that KIC and ENG differ in grammar in many aspects, including but are not limited to:

Tense Marking

• Kickapoo treats the tenses other than <fut> as aorists.
• (kic) eehnamathoaani → (eng) when I was standing

  (kic) namatho<v><iv><aa><aor_2><s_1sg> → (eng) stand<v><iv><pp><s_1sg>

Conjunctions

• Conjunct forms are used consistently in Kickapoo.
• (kic) manahi enoweechi → (eng) This is what he said

  (kic) manahi<prn><dem><sg> nowee<v><iv><cnj><s_3sg> → (eng) This<det><sg> be<v><iv><s_3sg> what<prn> he<s_3sg> say<v><iv><s_3sg><past>

Aspect

• Aspect in Kickapoo is shown through affixes. These affixes show the internal temporal structure of situations which includes the start or conclusion of an event, frequency, habituality, and the efforts or desire for the agent/subject to bring the event to fruition.
• (kic) nepoonimayo → (eng) I stop/stopping/stopped crying

  (kic) mayo<v><iv><aa><s_1sg> → (eng) cry<v><iv><s_1sg>

Noun Animacy and Inanimacy

• In KIC all nouns are either animate or inanimate in nature.
• (kic) anemoha → (eng) dog

  (kic) anemoh<n><aa> → (eng) dog<n>

4th Person Marking

• KIC marks a fourth person.
• (kic) meskwaanii → (eng) it is red

  (kic) meskw<v><iv><aa><s_4sg> → (eng) be.red<v><iv><s3_sg>

KIC-ENG Tests

• (kic) iini sehe enanatohkwihaachi → (eng) like that, they harassed him

  (kic) iini<cnj> sehe<prn> nanatohkwih<cnj><v><tv><p3_p4> → (eng) like<adv> that<prn> they<prn><p3><pl> harass<v><tv><pt> him<s_3sg>

• (kic) manahi enoweechi → (eng) This is what he said

  (kic) manahi<aa> nowee<v><iv><cnj><s_3sg> → (eng) This<det><sg> be<v><iv><s_3sg> what<prn> he<prn> say<v><iv><s_3sg><past>

• (kic) Iini iina nekuti epapakethomeha ekanaiichi → (eng) and then one motorcyclist said

  (kic) Iini<cnj> iina<det> nekuti<num> papakethomeh<cnj><aa><s_3sg> kanaii<cnj><v><iv><s_3sg> → (eng) and<cnj> then<adv> one<det> motorcyclist<n><sg> said<v><iv><s_3sg>

• (kic) Iini iina ekanaiichi iskweetheeha → (eng) then the girl spoke

  (kic) Iini<cnj> iina<det> kanaii<v><iv><cnj><s_3sg> → (eng) then<adv> the<det> girl<n> speak<v><iv><s_3sg><past>

• (kic) Iini tenaami eniketaachi iiniki epapakethomehaki → (eng) and the motorcyclists laughed so hard

  (kic) Iini<cnj> tenaami<adv> eniket<v><iv><p3_p4> iiniki<prn> papakethomeh<cnj><aa><pl> → (eng) and<cnj> the<det> motorcyclists<n><pl> laugh<v><iv><pt> so<adv> hard<adj>