Difference between revisions of "Kernowek/Grammar"

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[[Category:sp26_GrammarDocumentation]]
 
[[Category:sp26_GrammarDocumentation]]
 
[[category:Kernowek]]
 
[[category:Kernowek]]
 +
== Kernowek Nouns ==
 +
In Cornish, plural morphology on nouns denote that there is more than one of something.
  
−
== Kernowek plurals ==
+
There are three "numbers" in Cornish, singular, plural and occasionally Dual.
−
{{comment|this counts as two grammar points: one main point, and a number of nuances that together count again}}
 
−
In Kernowek, plural morphology on nouns denote that there is more than one of something.
 
  
−
There are at least three numbers in Kernowek, singular, plural and dual. The tag for a noun should be {{tag|n}}, and singular and plural should be {{tag|sg}} , {{tag|pl}} and  {{tag|du}} respectively.
+
=== Regular plurals ===
 +
Regular plurals are formed with the addition of (in order of frequency) «ow», «yow», «yon», «ion», «i», «edh», «eth», «en».
 +
* Inanimate objects will most likely take the suffix «ow»:
 +
** {{morphTest|treth{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|trethow}} (Beach)
 +
** {{morphTest|lyver{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|lyverow}} (Book)
 +
** {{morphTest|daras{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|darasow}} (Door)
 +
* Otherwise options include «yow»:
 +
** {{morphTest|elin{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|elinyow}} (Elbow - Specifically multiple elbows that are NOT a pair)
 +
** {{morphTest|gweus{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|gweusyow}} (Lip)
 +
** {{morphTest|eglos{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|eglosyow}} (Church)
 +
* «yon» Seems like animals like this declension:
 +
** {{morphTest|er{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|eryon}} (Eagle)
 +
** {{morphTest|lew{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|lewyon}} (Lion)
  
−
=== Regular plurals ===
+
=== Regular suffix with stem alternations ===
−
Regular plurals are formed with the addition of «s» or «es».
+
* If a noun ends in a «er» and takes the, the «yon» ending it often morphs  into -oryon:
−
* Nouns ending in «s», «ch», «x», or «z» take the suffix «es»:
+
** {{morphTest|Kiger{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|Kigoryon}} (butcher)
−
** {{morphTest|box{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|boxes}}
+
** {{morphTest|Deviser{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|Devisoryon}} (inventor)
−
** {{morphTest|match{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|matches}}
+
* In some masculine (but not all) nouns that end in «a» and take the «s», the «a» is replaced by «ys»:
−
** {{morphTest|kiss{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|kisses}}
+
** {{morphTest|oula{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|oulys}} (Owl)
−
* Otherwise the suffix is «s»:
+
** {{morphTest|apa{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|apys}} (Ape)
−
** {{morphTest|snake{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|snakes}}
+
 
−
** {{morphTest|window{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|windows}}
+
 
−
** {{morphTest|boy{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|boys}}
+
=== No suffix ===
−
* Nouns that end in «o» are unpredictable: some take «s» and some take «es»:
+
* Some plural forms are denoted only by a stem alternation; these are not predictable:
−
** {{morphTest|potato{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|potatoes}}
+
** {{morphTest|men{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|meyn}} (Stone)
−
** {{morphTest|piano{{tag|n}}{{tag|pl}}|pianos}}
+
** {{morphTest|margh{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|mergh}} (Horse)
 +
** {{morphTest|horn{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|hern}} (Horse-Shoe)
 +
 
 +
 
 +
=== Singulative ===
 +
* Nouns that are already plural become singulative by adding «en» and can then be repluralized by adding «now»:
 +
** {{morphTest|eth{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|ethen}} Scents
 +
** {{morphTest|ester{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|esteren}} Oysters
 +
** {{morphTest|beler{{tag|n}}{{tag|m}}{{tag|pl}}|beleren}} cress
 +
 
 +
 
 +
== Kernowek Verbs ==
 +
Many cornish nouns can be verb-ified like in english
 +
 
 +
Verbs ending -i
 +
==== Indicative - Present or Future ====
 +
« gwari» (Play/Act) is an «i»-vowel verb, with the stem «Gwar»-:
 +
* {{morphTest|gwari{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|gwarav}}
 +
* {{morphTest|gwari{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|gwarydh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|gwari{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|gwar}}
 +
* {{morphTest|gwari{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|gwaryn}}
 +
* {{morphTest|gwari{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|gwarowgh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|gwari{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|gwarons}}
 +
* {{morphTest|gwari{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|impers}}|gwarir}}
 +
 
 +
« rewi» (Freeze) is an «i»-vowel verb, with the stem «Rew»-:
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|rewi{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|rewav}}
 +
* {{morphTest|rewi{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|rewydh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|rewi{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|rew}}
 +
* {{morphTest|rewi{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|rewyn}}
 +
* {{morphTest|rewi{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|rewowgh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|rewi{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|rewons}}
 +
* {{morphTest|rewi{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|impers}}|rewir}}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
« teudhi» (Thaw/Dissolve/Melt) is an «i»-vowel verb, with the stem «Teudh»-:
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|teudhi{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|teudhav}}
 +
* {{morphTest|teudhi{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|teudhydh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|teudhi{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|teudh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|teudhi{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|teudhyn}}
 +
* {{morphTest|teudhi{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|teudhowgh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|teudhi{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|teudhons}}
 +
* {{morphTest|teudhi{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|impers}}|teudhir}}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Verbs ending -a
 +
 
 +
==== Indicative - Present or Future ====
 +
« eva» (Drink/Absorb) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «Ev»-:
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|eva{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|evav}}
 +
* {{morphTest|eva{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|evydh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|eva{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|yv}}
 +
* {{morphTest|eva{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|evyn}}
 +
* {{morphTest|eva{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|evowgh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|eva{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|evons}}
 +
* {{morphTest|eva{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|impers}}|evir}}
 +
 
 +
« desegha» (Dry Up) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «Desegh»-:
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|desegha{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|deseghav}}
 +
* {{morphTest|desegha{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|deseghydh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|desegha{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|desegh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|desegha{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|deseghyn}}
 +
* {{morphTest|desegha{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|deseghowgh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|desegha{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|deseghons}}
 +
* {{morphTest|desegha{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|impers}}|deseghir}}
 +
 
 +
« Tomma» (Warm Up) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «Tomm»-:
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|Tomma{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|tommav}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Tomma{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|tommydh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Tomma{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|tomm}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Tomma{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|tommyn}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Tomma{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|tommowgh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Tomma{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|tommons}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Tomma{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|impers}}|tommir}}
 +
 
 +
« Rastella» (Grill) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «Rastell»-:
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|Rastella{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|rastel}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Rastella{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|rastellydh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Rastella{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|rastell}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Rastella{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|rastellyn}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Rastella{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|rastellowgh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Rastella{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|rastellons}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Rastella{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|impers}}|rastellir}}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Verbs ending -ya
 +
 
 +
==== Indicative - Present or Future ====
 +
« settya» (Set/Place) is an «ya»-vowel verb, with the stem «sett»-:
 +
(VERY similar to -a verbs)
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|settya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|settyav}}
 +
* {{morphTest|settya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|settydh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|settya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|sett}}
 +
* {{morphTest|settya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|settyn}}
 +
* {{morphTest|settya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|settyowgh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|settya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|settyons}}
 +
* {{morphTest|settya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|impers}}|settir}}
 +
 
 +
« Fugya» (Forge) is an «ya»-vowel verb, with the stem «fug»-:
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|Fugya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|fugyav}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Fugya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|fugydh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Fugya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|fug}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Fugya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|fugyn}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Fugya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|fugyowgh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Fugya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|fugyons}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Fugya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pres}}{{tag|impers}}|fugir}}
 +
 
 +
Verbs ending -a
 +
 
 +
==== Indicative - preterite ====
 +
« Darlesa» (Broadcast) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «Darles»-:
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|Darlesa{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|darlesis}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Darlesa{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|darlessys}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Darlesa{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|darlesas}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Darlesa{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|darlessyn}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Darlesa{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|darlessowgh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Darlesa{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|darlessons}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Darlesa{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|impers}}|darlesas}}
 +
 
 +
« Godra» (Milk) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «Godr»-:
 +
(It appears the bimeme rs isn't valid outside of loan words though I did find 2 listed exceptions)
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|Godra{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|godris}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Godra{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|god'sys }}
 +
* {{morphTest|Godra{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|godras}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Godra{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|god'syn}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Godra{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|god'sowgh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Godra{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|god'sons}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Godra{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|impers}}|godras}}
 +
 
 +
« Nivera» (Count) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «Niver»-:
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|Nivera{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|niveris}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Nivera{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|niversys }}
 +
* {{morphTest|Nivera{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|niveras}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Nivera{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|niversyn}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Nivera{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|niversowgh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Nivera{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|niversons}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Nivera{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|impers}}|niveras}}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Verbs ending -i
 +
 
 +
==== Indicative - preterite ====
 +
 
 +
« Kegi» (Cook) is an «i»-vowel verb, with the stem «Keg»-:
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|Kegi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|kegis}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Kegi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|kegsys }}
 +
* {{morphTest|Kegi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|kogas}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Kegi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|kegsyn}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Kegi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|kegsowgh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Kegi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|kogsons}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Kegi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|impers}}|kegas}}
 +
 
 +
« anedhi» (Inhabit) is an «i»-vowel verb, with the stem «anedh»-:
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|anedhi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|anedhis}}
 +
* {{morphTest|anedhi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|anedhsys }}
 +
* {{morphTest|anedhi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|anedhas}}
 +
* {{morphTest|anedhi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|anedhsyn}}
 +
* {{morphTest|anedhi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|anedhsowgh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|anedhi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|anedhsons}}
 +
* {{morphTest|anedhi{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|impers}}|anedhas}}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Verbs ending -el
 +
 
 +
==== Indicative - preterite ====
 +
 
 +
« densel» (Crunch) is an «el»-vowel verb, with the stem «dens»-:
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|densel{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|densis}}
 +
* {{morphTest|densel{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|denssys }}
 +
* {{morphTest|densel{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|densis}}
 +
* {{morphTest|densel{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|denssyn}}
 +
* {{morphTest|densel{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|denssowgh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|densel{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|danssons}}
 +
* {{morphTest|densel{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|impers}}|densis}}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
« lewsel» (Loosen) is an «el»-vowel verb, with the stem «lews»-:
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|lewsel{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|lewsis}}
 +
* {{morphTest|lewsel{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|lewssys }}
 +
* {{morphTest|lewsel{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|lewsis}}
 +
* {{morphTest|lewsel{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|lewssyn}}
 +
* {{morphTest|lewsel{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|lewssowgh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|lewsel{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|lowssons}}
 +
* {{morphTest|lewsel{{tag|v}}{{tag|ifi}}{{tag|impers}}|lewsis}}
 +
 
 +
Verbs ending -a
 +
 
 +
==== Indicative - Imperfect ====
 +
 
 +
« taga» (Choke) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «tag»-:
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|taga{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|tagen}}
 +
* {{morphTest|taga{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|tages }}
 +
* {{morphTest|taga{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|taga}}
 +
* {{morphTest|taga{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|tagen}}
 +
* {{morphTest|taga{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|tagewgh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|taga{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|tagens}}
 +
* {{morphTest|taga{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|impers}}|tegys}}
 +
 
 +
« Rekna» (Count) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «Rekn»-:
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|Rekna{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|reknen}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Rekna{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|reknes }}
 +
* {{morphTest|Rekna{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|rekna}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Rekna{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|reknen}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Rekna{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|reknewgh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Rekna{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|reknens}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Rekna{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|impers}}|reknys}}
 +
 +
« Devera» (Drip) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «Dever»-:
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|Devera{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|deveren}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Devera{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|deveres }}
 +
* {{morphTest|Devera{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|devera}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Devera{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|deveren}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Devera{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|deverewgh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Devera{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|deverens}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Devera{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|impers}}|deverys}}
 +
 +
 +
Verbs ending -ya
 +
 
 +
==== Indicative - Imperfect ====
 +
 
 +
« Lostya» (Queue) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «Lost»-:
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|Lostya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|lostyen}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Lostya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|lostyes }}
 +
* {{morphTest|Lostya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|lostya}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Lostya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|lostyen}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Lostya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|lostyewgh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Lostya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|lostyens}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Lostya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|impers}}|lostys}}
 +
 
 +
 +
« Unya» (Unite) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «Un»-:
 +
 
 +
* {{morphTest|Unya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|sg}}|unyen}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Unya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|sg}}|unyes }}
 +
* {{morphTest|Unya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|sg}}|unya}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Unya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}}|unyen}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Unya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|pl}}|unyewgh}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Unya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|p3}}{{tag|pl}}|unyens}}
 +
* {{morphTest|Unya{{tag|v}}{{tag|pii}}{{tag|impers}}|unys}}

Latest revision as of 15:04, 6 March 2026

Kernowek Nouns

In Cornish, plural morphology on nouns denote that there is more than one of something.

There are three "numbers" in Cornish, singular, plural and occasionally Dual.

Regular plurals

Regular plurals are formed with the addition of (in order of frequency) «ow», «yow», «yon», «ion», «i», «edh», «eth», «en».

  • Inanimate objects will most likely take the suffix «ow»:
    • treth<n><m><pl> ↔ trethow (Beach)
    • lyver<n><m><pl> ↔ lyverow (Book)
    • daras<n><m><pl> ↔ darasow (Door)
  • Otherwise options include «yow»:
    • elin<n><m><pl> ↔ elinyow (Elbow - Specifically multiple elbows that are NOT a pair)
    • gweus<n><m><pl> ↔ gweusyow (Lip)
    • eglos<n><m><pl> ↔ eglosyow (Church)
  • «yon» Seems like animals like this declension:
    • er<n><m><pl> ↔ eryon (Eagle)
    • lew<n><m><pl> ↔ lewyon (Lion)

Regular suffix with stem alternations

  • If a noun ends in a «er» and takes the, the «yon» ending it often morphs into -oryon:
    • Kiger<n><m><pl> ↔ Kigoryon (butcher)
    • Deviser<n><m><pl> ↔ Devisoryon (inventor)
  • In some masculine (but not all) nouns that end in «a» and take the «s», the «a» is replaced by «ys»:
    • oula<n><m><pl> ↔ oulys (Owl)
    • apa<n><m><pl> ↔ apys (Ape)


No suffix

  • Some plural forms are denoted only by a stem alternation; these are not predictable:
    • men<n><m><pl> ↔ meyn (Stone)
    • margh<n><m><pl> ↔ mergh (Horse)
    • horn<n><m><pl> ↔ hern (Horse-Shoe)


Singulative

  • Nouns that are already plural become singulative by adding «en» and can then be repluralized by adding «now»:
    • eth<n><m><pl> ↔ ethen Scents
    • ester<n><m><pl> ↔ esteren Oysters
    • beler<n><m><pl> ↔ beleren cress


Kernowek Verbs

Many cornish nouns can be verb-ified like in english

Verbs ending -i

Indicative - Present or Future

« gwari» (Play/Act) is an «i»-vowel verb, with the stem «Gwar»-:

  • gwari<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ gwarav
  • gwari<v><pres><p2><sg> ↔ gwarydh
  • gwari<v><pres><p3><sg> ↔ gwar
  • gwari<v><pres><p1><pl> ↔ gwaryn
  • gwari<v><pres><p2><pl> ↔ gwarowgh
  • gwari<v><pres><p3><pl> ↔ gwarons
  • gwari<v><pres><impers> ↔ gwarir

« rewi» (Freeze) is an «i»-vowel verb, with the stem «Rew»-:

  • rewi<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ rewav
  • rewi<v><pres><p2><sg> ↔ rewydh
  • rewi<v><pres><p3><sg> ↔ rew
  • rewi<v><pres><p1><pl> ↔ rewyn
  • rewi<v><pres><p2><pl> ↔ rewowgh
  • rewi<v><pres><p3><pl> ↔ rewons
  • rewi<v><pres><impers> ↔ rewir


« teudhi» (Thaw/Dissolve/Melt) is an «i»-vowel verb, with the stem «Teudh»-:

  • teudhi<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ teudhav
  • teudhi<v><pres><p2><sg> ↔ teudhydh
  • teudhi<v><pres><p3><sg> ↔ teudh
  • teudhi<v><pres><p1><pl> ↔ teudhyn
  • teudhi<v><pres><p2><pl> ↔ teudhowgh
  • teudhi<v><pres><p3><pl> ↔ teudhons
  • teudhi<v><pres><impers> ↔ teudhir


Verbs ending -a

Indicative - Present or Future

« eva» (Drink/Absorb) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «Ev»-:

  • eva<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ evav
  • eva<v><pres><p2><sg> ↔ evydh
  • eva<v><pres><p3><sg> ↔ yv
  • eva<v><pres><p1><pl> ↔ evyn
  • eva<v><pres><p2><pl> ↔ evowgh
  • eva<v><pres><p3><pl> ↔ evons
  • eva<v><pres><impers> ↔ evir

« desegha» (Dry Up) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «Desegh»-:

  • desegha<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ deseghav
  • desegha<v><pres><p2><sg> ↔ deseghydh
  • desegha<v><pres><p3><sg> ↔ desegh
  • desegha<v><pres><p1><pl> ↔ deseghyn
  • desegha<v><pres><p2><pl> ↔ deseghowgh
  • desegha<v><pres><p3><pl> ↔ deseghons
  • desegha<v><pres><impers> ↔ deseghir

« Tomma» (Warm Up) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «Tomm»-:

  • Tomma<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ tommav
  • Tomma<v><pres><p2><sg> ↔ tommydh
  • Tomma<v><pres><p3><sg> ↔ tomm
  • Tomma<v><pres><p1><pl> ↔ tommyn
  • Tomma<v><pres><p2><pl> ↔ tommowgh
  • Tomma<v><pres><p3><pl> ↔ tommons
  • Tomma<v><pres><impers> ↔ tommir

« Rastella» (Grill) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «Rastell»-:

  • Rastella<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ rastel
  • Rastella<v><pres><p2><sg> ↔ rastellydh
  • Rastella<v><pres><p3><sg> ↔ rastell
  • Rastella<v><pres><p1><pl> ↔ rastellyn
  • Rastella<v><pres><p2><pl> ↔ rastellowgh
  • Rastella<v><pres><p3><pl> ↔ rastellons
  • Rastella<v><pres><impers> ↔ rastellir


Verbs ending -ya

Indicative - Present or Future

« settya» (Set/Place) is an «ya»-vowel verb, with the stem «sett»-: (VERY similar to -a verbs)

  • settya<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ settyav
  • settya<v><pres><p2><sg> ↔ settydh
  • settya<v><pres><p3><sg> ↔ sett
  • settya<v><pres><p1><pl> ↔ settyn
  • settya<v><pres><p2><pl> ↔ settyowgh
  • settya<v><pres><p3><pl> ↔ settyons
  • settya<v><pres><impers> ↔ settir

« Fugya» (Forge) is an «ya»-vowel verb, with the stem «fug»-:

  • Fugya<v><pres><p1><sg> ↔ fugyav
  • Fugya<v><pres><p2><sg> ↔ fugydh
  • Fugya<v><pres><p3><sg> ↔ fug
  • Fugya<v><pres><p1><pl> ↔ fugyn
  • Fugya<v><pres><p2><pl> ↔ fugyowgh
  • Fugya<v><pres><p3><pl> ↔ fugyons
  • Fugya<v><pres><impers> ↔ fugir

Verbs ending -a

Indicative - preterite

« Darlesa» (Broadcast) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «Darles»-:

  • Darlesa<v><ifi><p1><sg> ↔ darlesis
  • Darlesa<v><ifi><p2><sg> ↔ darlessys
  • Darlesa<v><ifi><p3><sg> ↔ darlesas
  • Darlesa<v><ifi><p1><pl> ↔ darlessyn
  • Darlesa<v><ifi><p2><pl> ↔ darlessowgh
  • Darlesa<v><ifi><p3><pl> ↔ darlessons
  • Darlesa<v><ifi><impers> ↔ darlesas

« Godra» (Milk) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «Godr»-: (It appears the bimeme rs isn't valid outside of loan words though I did find 2 listed exceptions)

  • Godra<v><ifi><p1><sg> ↔ godris
  • Godra<v><ifi><p2><sg> ↔ god'sys
  • Godra<v><ifi><p3><sg> ↔ godras
  • Godra<v><ifi><p1><pl> ↔ god'syn
  • Godra<v><ifi><p2><pl> ↔ god'sowgh
  • Godra<v><ifi><p3><pl> ↔ god'sons
  • Godra<v><ifi><impers> ↔ godras

« Nivera» (Count) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «Niver»-:

  • Nivera<v><ifi><p1><sg> ↔ niveris
  • Nivera<v><ifi><p2><sg> ↔ niversys
  • Nivera<v><ifi><p3><sg> ↔ niveras
  • Nivera<v><ifi><p1><pl> ↔ niversyn
  • Nivera<v><ifi><p2><pl> ↔ niversowgh
  • Nivera<v><ifi><p3><pl> ↔ niversons
  • Nivera<v><ifi><impers> ↔ niveras


Verbs ending -i

Indicative - preterite

« Kegi» (Cook) is an «i»-vowel verb, with the stem «Keg»-:

  • Kegi<v><ifi><p1><sg> ↔ kegis
  • Kegi<v><ifi><p2><sg> ↔ kegsys
  • Kegi<v><ifi><p3><sg> ↔ kogas
  • Kegi<v><ifi><p1><pl> ↔ kegsyn
  • Kegi<v><ifi><p2><pl> ↔ kegsowgh
  • Kegi<v><ifi><p3><pl> ↔ kogsons
  • Kegi<v><ifi><impers> ↔ kegas

« anedhi» (Inhabit) is an «i»-vowel verb, with the stem «anedh»-:

  • anedhi<v><ifi><p1><sg> ↔ anedhis
  • anedhi<v><ifi><p2><sg> ↔ anedhsys
  • anedhi<v><ifi><p3><sg> ↔ anedhas
  • anedhi<v><ifi><p1><pl> ↔ anedhsyn
  • anedhi<v><ifi><p2><pl> ↔ anedhsowgh
  • anedhi<v><ifi><p3><pl> ↔ anedhsons
  • anedhi<v><ifi><impers> ↔ anedhas


Verbs ending -el

Indicative - preterite

« densel» (Crunch) is an «el»-vowel verb, with the stem «dens»-:

  • densel<v><ifi><p1><sg> ↔ densis
  • densel<v><ifi><p2><sg> ↔ denssys
  • densel<v><ifi><p3><sg> ↔ densis
  • densel<v><ifi><p1><pl> ↔ denssyn
  • densel<v><ifi><p2><pl> ↔ denssowgh
  • densel<v><ifi><p3><pl> ↔ danssons
  • densel<v><ifi><impers> ↔ densis


« lewsel» (Loosen) is an «el»-vowel verb, with the stem «lews»-:

  • lewsel<v><ifi><p1><sg> ↔ lewsis
  • lewsel<v><ifi><p2><sg> ↔ lewssys
  • lewsel<v><ifi><p3><sg> ↔ lewsis
  • lewsel<v><ifi><p1><pl> ↔ lewssyn
  • lewsel<v><ifi><p2><pl> ↔ lewssowgh
  • lewsel<v><ifi><p3><pl> ↔ lowssons
  • lewsel<v><ifi><impers> ↔ lewsis

Verbs ending -a

Indicative - Imperfect

« taga» (Choke) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «tag»-:

  • taga<v><pii><p1><sg> ↔ tagen
  • taga<v><pii><p2><sg> ↔ tages
  • taga<v><pii><p3><sg> ↔ taga
  • taga<v><pii><p1><pl> ↔ tagen
  • taga<v><pii><p2><pl> ↔ tagewgh
  • taga<v><pii><p3><pl> ↔ tagens
  • taga<v><pii><impers> ↔ tegys

« Rekna» (Count) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «Rekn»-:

  • Rekna<v><pii><p1><sg> ↔ reknen
  • Rekna<v><pii><p2><sg> ↔ reknes
  • Rekna<v><pii><p3><sg> ↔ rekna
  • Rekna<v><pii><p1><pl> ↔ reknen
  • Rekna<v><pii><p2><pl> ↔ reknewgh
  • Rekna<v><pii><p3><pl> ↔ reknens
  • Rekna<v><pii><impers> ↔ reknys

« Devera» (Drip) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «Dever»-:

  • Devera<v><pii><p1><sg> ↔ deveren
  • Devera<v><pii><p2><sg> ↔ deveres
  • Devera<v><pii><p3><sg> ↔ devera
  • Devera<v><pii><p1><pl> ↔ deveren
  • Devera<v><pii><p2><pl> ↔ deverewgh
  • Devera<v><pii><p3><pl> ↔ deverens
  • Devera<v><pii><impers> ↔ deverys


Verbs ending -ya

Indicative - Imperfect

« Lostya» (Queue) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «Lost»-:

  • Lostya<v><pii><p1><sg> ↔ lostyen
  • Lostya<v><pii><p2><sg> ↔ lostyes
  • Lostya<v><pii><p3><sg> ↔ lostya
  • Lostya<v><pii><p1><pl> ↔ lostyen
  • Lostya<v><pii><p2><pl> ↔ lostyewgh
  • Lostya<v><pii><p3><pl> ↔ lostyens
  • Lostya<v><pii><impers> ↔ lostys


« Unya» (Unite) is an «a»-vowel verb, with the stem «Un»-:

  • Unya<v><pii><p1><sg> ↔ unyen
  • Unya<v><pii><p2><sg> ↔ unyes
  • Unya<v><pii><p3><sg> ↔ unya
  • Unya<v><pii><p1><pl> ↔ unyen
  • Unya<v><pii><p2><pl> ↔ unyewgh
  • Unya<v><pii><p3><pl> ↔ unyens
  • Unya<v><pii><impers> ↔ unys
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