Difference between revisions of "Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar"
| Line 4: | Line 4: | ||
'''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.''' | '''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.''' | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
*{{transferTest|kgp|por|kafã|companheira}} | *{{transferTest|kgp|por|kafã|companheira}} | ||
::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}} | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|kafã{{tag|n}}|companheira{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}} | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>. | Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>. | ||
| Line 19: | Line 15: | ||
| − | {{transferTest|kgp| | + | *{{transferTest|kgp|por|kur|roupa}} |
| − | + | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|kur{{tag|n}}|roupa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}}}}} | |
| − | {{transferMorphTest|kgp| | ||
Nũgnũj<n><dep><pl> ti<prn> nĩ<asp>, ã<prn> kur<n> ti<prn>. | Nũgnũj<n><dep><pl> ti<prn> nĩ<asp>, ã<prn> kur<n> ti<prn>. | ||
| Line 32: | Line 27: | ||
'''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.''' | '''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.''' | ||
| − | {{transferTest|kgp| | + | *{{transferTest|kgp|por|tỹ|meu}} |
| − | + | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}|meu{{tag|prn}}{{tag|m}}}}} | |
| − | {{transferMorphTest|kgp| | ||
Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>. | Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>. | ||
| Line 42: | Line 36: | ||
''"My youngest son died"'' | ''"My youngest son died"'' | ||
| − | + | *{{transferTest|kgp|por|vỹ|o}} | |
| − | {{transferTest|kgp| | + | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|vỹ{{tag|subj}}|o{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}}}}} |
| − | |||
| − | {{transferMorphTest|kgp| | ||
São Paulo<n> vỹ<subj>, rã jur ja tá<cir> nĩ<asp>. | São Paulo<n> vỹ<subj>, rã jur ja tá<cir> nĩ<asp>. | ||
| Line 56: | Line 48: | ||
'''3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.''' | '''3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.''' | ||
| − | {{transferTest|kgp| | + | *{{transferTest|kgp|por|kãfór|maior}} |
| − | + | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|kãfór{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}|maior{{tag|adj}}}} | |
| − | {{transferMorphTest|kgp| | ||
Téj<n><dep><sg> ki<cir> tóg<subj>, ti<prn> panh<n><dep> kãfór<n><dep> nĩ<asp>, kyrũ<n><sg> ti<prn>. | Téj<n><dep><sg> ki<cir> tóg<subj>, ti<prn> panh<n><dep> kãfór<n><dep> nĩ<asp>, kyrũ<n><sg> ti<prn>. | ||
| Line 67: | Line 58: | ||
'''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.''' | '''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.''' | ||
| − | {{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}} | + | *{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}} |
| − | + | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}} | |
| − | {{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}} | ||
Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>. | Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>. | ||
| Line 78: | Line 68: | ||
| − | {{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}} | + | *{{transferTest|kgp|pt|nĩ|é}} |
| − | + | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}} | |
| − | {{transferMorphTest|kgp|eng|nĩ{{tag|asp}}|é{{tag|v}}}} | ||
Inh<prn> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ<ex> ũn<prn><rel> há<n><dep> nĩ-ve<v><iv> nĩ<asp>. | Inh<prn> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ<ex> ũn<prn><rel> há<n><dep> nĩ-ve<v><iv> nĩ<asp>. | ||
| Line 91: | Line 80: | ||
'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.''' | '''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.''' | ||
| − | {{transferTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã|por}} | + | *{{transferTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã|por}} |
| − | + | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã{{tag|cir}}|em{{tag|prep}}}} | |
| − | {{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|ẽprã{{tag|cir}}|em{{tag|prep}}}} | ||
Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>! | Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>! | ||
| Line 102: | Line 90: | ||
| − | {{transferTest|kgp|pt|jagfy|por}} | + | *{{transferTest|kgp|pt|jagfy|por}} |
| − | + | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|jagfy{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|prep}}}} | |
| − | {{transferMorphTest|kgp|pt|jagfy{{tag|cir}}|por{{tag|prep}}}} | ||
Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>. | Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>. | ||
Revision as of 13:34, 16 April 2019
Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:
1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.
- (kgp) kafã → (por) companheira
- (kgp) kafã<n> → (por) companheira<n><f>}
Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<subj> tỹ<ex>, inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.
Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<v> minha<prn> companheira<n>
"My wife is my companion."
- (kgp) kur → (por) roupa
- (kgp) kur<n> → (por) roupa<n><f>}
Nũgnũj<n><dep><pl> ti<prn> nĩ<asp>, ã<prn> kur<n> ti<prn>.
A<det> sua<prn><det><3p><f> roupa<n><f> está<v><3p><sg> dobrada<adj><f>
"Your clothes are folded"
2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.
- (kgp) tỹ → (por) meu
- (kgp) tỹ<subj><erg> → (por) meu<prn><m>}
Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.
Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.
"My youngest son died"
- (kgp) vỹ → (por) o
- (kgp) vỹ<subj> → (por) o<det><m>}
São Paulo<n> vỹ<subj>, rã jur ja tá<cir> nĩ<asp>.
São Paulo<n> fica<v> n<prep>o<det> leste<n>
"Sao Paulo is eastwards"
3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.
- (kgp) kãfór → (por) maior
- (kgp) kãfór<n><dep> → (por) maior<adj>
Téj<n><dep><sg> ki<cir> tóg<subj>, ti<prn> panh<n><dep> kãfór<n><dep> nĩ<asp>, kyrũ<n><sg> ti<prn>.
O<det><m> moço<n> é<v> mais alto<adj> que o<det> pai<n> d<prep>ele<prn>.
4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.
- (kgp) nĩ → (pt) é
- (kgp) nĩ<asp> → (eng) é<v>
Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.
É<v> seu<prn> cunhado.<n>’
"He is his brother-in-law."
- (kgp) nĩ → (pt) é
- (kgp) nĩ<asp> → (eng) é<v>
Inh<prn> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ<ex> ũn<prn><rel> há<n><dep> nĩ-ve<v><iv> nĩ<asp>.
Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.’
"I have the impression that he is good"
5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.
- (kgp) ẽprã → (pt) por
- (kgp) ẽprã<cir> → (pt) em<prep>
Nĩ<v><iv><sg> ra<asp>, ẽprã<cir>!
Senta<v><3p> n<prep>o<det> chão<n><masc>!
Sit on the floor!
- (kgp) jagfy → (pt) por
- (kgp) jagfy<cir> → (pt) por<prep>
Ẽg<prn> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>, Jesus<n>.
Por<prep> nós<prn> morreu<v> Jesus<n>.
"Jesus died for us."
