Difference between revisions of "Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar"
From LING073
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[[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]] | [[Category:Sp19_ContrastiveGrammars]] [[Category:Kaingang]] [[Category:Portuguese]] | ||
| − | Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are: | + | Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are: |
| − | '''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.''' | + | '''1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.''' |
*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh mré nĩ fi vỹ tỹ, inh kafã fi nĩ.|Minha esposa é minha companheira.}} | *{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh mré nĩ fi vỹ tỹ, inh kafã fi nĩ.|Minha esposa é minha companheira.}} | ||
| − | *:{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}} mré{{tag|n}} nĩ{{tag|asp}} fi{{tag|prn}} vỹ{{tag|su}} tỹ{{tag|ex}}, inh{{tag|prn}} kafã{{tag|n}} fi{{tag|prn}} nĩ<asp>.{{tag|sent}}|Minha{{tag|prn}} esposa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} é{{tag|vblex}} minha{{tag|prn}} companheira{{tag|n}}.{{tag|sent}}}} | + | *:{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}} mré{{tag|n}} nĩ{{tag|asp}} fi{{tag|prn}} vỹ{{tag|su}} tỹ{{tag|ex}},{{tag|cm}} inh{{tag|prn}} kafã{{tag|n}} fi{{tag|prn}} nĩ<asp>.{{tag|sent}}|Minha{{tag|prn}} esposa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} é{{tag|vblex}} minha{{tag|prn}} companheira{{tag|n}}.{{tag|sent}}}} |
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''"My wife is my companion."'' | ''"My wife is my companion."'' | ||
*{{transferTest|kgp|por|Nũgnũj ti nĩ, ã kur ti.|A sua roupa está dobrada.}} | *{{transferTest|kgp|por|Nũgnũj ti nĩ, ã kur ti.|A sua roupa está dobrada.}} | ||
| − | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Nũgnũj{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|pl}} ti{{tag|prn}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}, ã{{tag|prn}} kur{{tag|n}} ti{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}| | + | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Nũgnũj{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|pl}} ti{{tag|prn}} nĩ{{tag|asp}},{{tag|cm}} ã{{tag|prn}} kur{{tag|n}} ti{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}|A{{tag|det}} sua{{tag|prn}} {{tag|det}} {{tag|3p}} {{tag|f}} roupa{{tag|n}}{{tag|f}} está{{tag|vblex}} dobrada{{tag|adj}}{{tag|f}}.{{tag|sent}}}} |
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''"Your clothes are folded"'' | ''"Your clothes are folded"'' | ||
| + | '''2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.''' | ||
| − | + | *{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh kósin tỹ ẽgno vỹ, inh mỹ tũg.|Meu filho caçula morreu.}} | |
| − | + | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}} kósin{{tag|n}} tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}} ẽgno{{tag|n}} vỹ{{tag|su}}{{tag|top}}, inh{{tag|prn}} mỹ{{tag|post}} tũg{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}}.{{tag|sent}}|Meu{{tag|prn}} filho{{tag|n}}{{tag|masc}} caçula{{tag|adj}} morreu{{tag|vblex}}.{{tag|sent}}}} | |
| − | *{{transferTest|kgp|por|tỹ| | ||
| − | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|tỹ{{tag|subj}}{{tag|erg}}| | ||
Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>. | Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>. | ||
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''"My youngest son died"'' | ''"My youngest son died"'' | ||
| − | *{{transferTest|kgp|por|vỹ| | + | *{{transferTest|kgp|por|São Paulo vỹ, rã jur ja tá nĩ.|São Paulo fica no leste.}} |
| − | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|vỹ{{tag| | + | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|São Paulo{{tag|n}} vỹ{{tag|su}}, rã jur ja tá{{tag|cir}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|São Paulo{{tag|n}} fica{{tag|v}} n{{tag|pr}}0{{tag|det}} leste{{tag|n}} |
| + | {{tag|sent}}}} | ||
| − | São Paulo<n> vỹ<subj>, rã jur ja tá<cir> nĩ<asp>. | + | São Paulo<n> vỹ<subj>, rã jur ja tá<cir> nĩ<asp>. |
São Paulo<n> fica<v> n<pr>o<det> leste<n> | São Paulo<n> fica<v> n<pr>o<det> leste<n> | ||
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| − | '''3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.''' | + | '''3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.''' |
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| + | *{{transferTest|kgp|por|Téj ki tóg, ti panh kãfór nĩ, kyrũ ti.|O moço é mais alto que o pai dele.}} | ||
| + | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Téj{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}}{{tag|sg}} ki{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|su}}, {{tag|cm}} ti{{tag|prn}} panh{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} kãfór{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} nĩ{{tag|asp}},{{tag|cm}} kyrũ{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} ti{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}|O{{tag|det}}{{tag|m}} moço{{tag|n}} é{{tag|vblex}} mais alto{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}} que o{{tag|det}} pai{{tag|n}} d{{tag|pr}}ele{{tag|prn}}.{{tag|sent}}}} | ||
| − | + | maior{{tag|adj}}{{tag|m}} | |
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| − | Téj<n><dep><sg> ki<cir> tóg<subj>, ti<prn> panh<n><dep> kãfór<n><dep> nĩ<asp>, kyrũ<n><sg> ti<prn>. | + | Téj<n><dep><sg> ki<cir> tóg<subj>, ti<prn> panh<n><dep> kãfór<n><dep> nĩ<asp>, kyrũ<n><sg> ti<prn>. |
O<det><m> moço<n> é<v> mais alto<adj> que o<det> pai<n> d<pr>ele<prn>. | O<det><m> moço<n> é<v> mais alto<adj> que o<det> pai<n> d<pr>ele<prn>. | ||
| + | '''4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.''' | ||
| − | + | *{{transferTest|kgp|por|Tỹ ti ã jãmré nĩ.|É seu cunhado.}} | |
| − | + | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Tỹ{{tag|ex}} ti{{tag|prn}} ã{{tag|prn}} jãmré{{tag|n}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|É{{tag|v}} seu{{tag|prn}} cunhado{{tag|n}}.{tag|sent}}}} | |
| − | *{{transferTest|kgp|por|nĩ| | ||
| − | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|nĩ{{tag|asp}}| | ||
| − | Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>. | + | Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>. |
| − | É<v> seu<prn> cunhado | + | É<v> seu<prn> cunhado<n>. |
''"He is his brother-in-law."'' | ''"He is his brother-in-law."'' | ||
| + | *{{transferTest|kgp|por|Inh mỹ tóg tỹ ũn há nĩ ve nĩ.|Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.}} | ||
| + | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Inh{{tag|prn}}{{tag|1p}}{{tag|sg}} mỹ{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|subj}} tỹ{tag|ex}} ũn{{tag|prn}} há{{tag|n}}{{tag|dep}} nĩ ve{{tag|v}}{{tag|iv}} nĩ{{tag|asp}}.{{tag|sent}}|Tenho{{tag|vblex}} a{{tag|det}}{{tag|f}} impressão{{tag|n}} que{{tag|prn}} ele{{tag|prn}} é{{tag|vblex}} bom{{tag|adj}} .{{tag|sent}}}} | ||
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| − | Inh<prn> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ<ex> ũn<prn><rel> há<n><dep> nĩ | + | Inh<prn> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ<ex> ũn<prn><rel> há<n><dep> nĩ ve<v><iv> nĩ<asp>. |
| − | Tenho a impressão que ele é bom. | + | Tenho a impressão que ele é bom. |
"I have the impression that he is good" | "I have the impression that he is good" | ||
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'''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.''' | '''5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.''' | ||
| − | *{{transferTest|kgp|por|ẽprã| | + | *{{transferTest|kgp|por|Nĩ ra, ẽprã.| Senta, no chão!}} |
| − | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|ẽprã{{tag|cir}}| | + | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Nĩ{{tag|v}} ra{{tag|asp}} ,{{tag|cm}} ẽprã{{tag|cir}}| Senta{{tag|vblex}},{{tag|cm}} n{{tag|pr}}o{{tag|det}} chão{{tag|n}} !{{tag|sent}}}} |
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''Sit on the floor!'' | ''Sit on the floor!'' | ||
| − | *{{transferTest|kgp|por|jagfy| | + | *{{transferTest|kgp|por|Ẽg jagfy tóg ter, Jesus.|Por nós morreu Jesus.}} |
| − | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|jagfy{{tag|cir}}| | + | ::{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por|Ẽg{{tag|prn}}{{tag|p1}}{{tag|pl}} jagfy{{tag|cir}} tóg{{tag|subj}} ter{{tag|v}},{{tag|cm}} Jesus{{tag|n}}|Por{{tag|pr}} nós{{tag|prn}} morreu{{tag|vblex}} Jesus{{tag|n}} .{{tag|sent}}}} |
| − | + | ''"Jesus died for us."'' | |
| − | + | *{{transferTest|kgp|por||}} | |
| − | + | *:{{transferMorphTest|kgp|por||}} | |
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Revision as of 23:36, 16 April 2019
Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:
1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.
- (kgp) Inh mré nĩ fi vỹ tỹ, inh kafã fi nĩ. → (por) Minha esposa é minha companheira.
- (kgp) Inh<prn> mré<n> nĩ<asp> fi<prn> vỹ<su> tỹ<ex>,<cm> inh<prn> kafã<n> fi<prn> nĩ<asp>.<sent> → (por) Minha<prn> esposa<n><f> é<vblex> minha<prn> companheira<n>.<sent>
"My wife is my companion."
- (kgp) Nũgnũj ti nĩ, ã kur ti. → (por) A sua roupa está dobrada.
- (kgp) Nũgnũj<n><dep><pl> ti<prn> nĩ<asp>,<cm> ã<prn> kur<n> ti<prn>.<sent> → (por) A<det> sua<prn> <det> <3p> <f> roupa<n><f> está<vblex> dobrada<adj><f>.<sent>
"Your clothes are folded"
2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.
- (kgp) Inh kósin tỹ ẽgno vỹ, inh mỹ tũg. → (por) Meu filho caçula morreu.
- (kgp) Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<su><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.<sent> → (por) Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<vblex>.<sent>
Inh<prn> kósin<n> tỹ<subj><erg> ẽgno<n> vỹ<subj><top>, inh<prn> mỹ<post> tũg<v><iv>.
Meu<prn> filho<n><masc> caçula<adj> morreu<v><3p><past?>.
"My youngest son died"
- (kgp) São Paulo vỹ, rã jur ja tá nĩ. → (por) São Paulo fica no leste.
- (kgp) São Paulo<n> vỹ<su>, rã jur ja tá<cir> nĩ<asp>.<sent> → (por) São Paulo<n> fica<v> n<pr>0<det> leste<n>
<sent>
São Paulo<n> vỹ<subj>, rã jur ja tá<cir> nĩ<asp>.
São Paulo<n> fica<v> n<pr>o<det> leste<n>
"Sao Paulo is eastwards"
3) Kaingang distinguishes between dependent nouns and independent nouns. Portuguese does not.
- (kgp) Téj ki tóg, ti panh kãfór nĩ, kyrũ ti. → (por) O moço é mais alto que o pai dele.
- (kgp) Téj<n><dep><sg> ki<cir> tóg<su>, <cm> ti<prn> panh<n><dep> kãfór<n><dep> nĩ<asp>,<cm> kyrũ<n><sg> ti<prn>.<sent> → (por) O<det><m> moço<n> é<vblex> mais alto<adj><m> que o<det> pai<n> d<pr>ele<prn>.<sent>
maior<adj><m>
Téj<n><dep><sg> ki<cir> tóg<subj>, ti<prn> panh<n><dep> kãfór<n><dep> nĩ<asp>, kyrũ<n><sg> ti<prn>.
O<det><m> moço<n> é<v> mais alto<adj> que o<det> pai<n> d<pr>ele<prn>.
4) The copula verb "be" is formed with an existence-marking aspect marker in Kaingang, and with a verb in Portuguese.
- (kgp) Tỹ ti ã jãmré nĩ. → (por) É seu cunhado.
- (kgp) Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.<sent> → (por) É<v> seu<prn> cunhado<n>.{tag}}
Tỹ<ex> ti<prn> ã<prn> jãmré<n> nĩ<asp>.
É<v> seu<prn> cunhado<n>.
"He is his brother-in-law."
- (kgp) Inh mỹ tóg tỹ ũn há nĩ ve nĩ. → (por) Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.
- (kgp) Inh<prn><1p><sg> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ{tag → (por) ex ũn<prn> há<n><dep> nĩ ve<v><iv> nĩ<asp>.<sent>|Tenho<vblex> a<det><f> impressão<n> que<prn> ele<prn> é<vblex> bom<adj> .<sent>}}
Inh<prn> mỹ<cir> tóg<subj> tỹ<ex> ũn<prn><rel> há<n><dep> nĩ ve<v><iv> nĩ<asp>.
Tenho a impressão que ele é bom.
"I have the impression that he is good"
5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.
- (kgp) Nĩ ra, ẽprã. → (por) Senta, no chão!
- (kgp) Nĩ<v> ra<asp> ,<cm> ẽprã<cir> → (por) Senta<vblex>,<cm> n<pr>o<det> chão<n> !<sent>
Sit on the floor!
- (kgp) Ẽg jagfy tóg ter, Jesus. → (por) Por nós morreu Jesus.
- (kgp) Ẽg<prn><p1><pl> jagfy<cir> tóg<subj> ter<v>,<cm> Jesus<n> → (por) Por<pr> nós<prn> morreu<vblex> Jesus<n> .<sent>
"Jesus died for us."
- (kgp) → (por)
- (kgp) → (por)
