Difference between revisions of "Adyghe/Grammar"
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Nouns and adjectives can be marked for four cases: absolutive, oblique/ergative, instrumental, and adverbial. Absolutive, sometimes called nominative, marks the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, while the oblique or ergative case marks the subjects of transitive verbs. The instrumental case can be used with a variety of prepositions, while the adverbial case, as the name suggests, gives nouns and adjectives adverbial roles. | Nouns and adjectives can be marked for four cases: absolutive, oblique/ergative, instrumental, and adverbial. Absolutive, sometimes called nominative, marks the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, while the oblique or ergative case marks the subjects of transitive verbs. The instrumental case can be used with a variety of prepositions, while the adverbial case, as the name suggests, gives nouns and adjectives adverbial roles. | ||
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| + | Example: «кIалэ» (boy) | ||
{{morphTest|кIалэ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abs}}|кIалэр}} | {{morphTest|кIалэ{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abs}}|кIалэр}} | ||
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{{morphTest|кIалэ{{tag|n}}{{tag|indef}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|adv}}|кIалэхэу}} | {{morphTest|кIалэ{{tag|n}}{{tag|indef}}{{tag|pl}}{{tag|adv}}|кIалэхэу}} | ||
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| + | Example: «шы» (horse) | ||
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| + | {{morphTest|шы{{tag|n}}{{tag|def}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|abs}}|кIалэр}} | ||
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| + | {{morphTest|шыр{{tag|n}}{{tag|indef}}{{tag|sg}}{{tag|obl}}|кIалэм}} | ||
===Possessives=== | ===Possessives=== | ||
Revision as of 04:04, 17 February 2022
Contents
Parts of Speech
Adyghe is a polysynthetic language, with heavily inflected nouns and verbs, as well as a system of prepositions, adjectives, and adverbs.
Nouns
Nouns in Adyghe are inflected for case, number, and definiteness. A noun in the definite is conjugated slightly differently from a noun in the indefinite, as the definite requires the addition of /-r/ in the absolutive and /-m/ in the oblique and instrumental. There is some disagreement as to whether or not the definite and indefinite inflections should be considered two different declensions or not. Furthermore, the high variation among dialects of Adyghe means that the oblique is sometimes marked in the indefinite, and sometimes not.
Cases
There's a shorter tag for instrumental. -JNW
Nouns and adjectives can be marked for four cases: absolutive, oblique/ergative, instrumental, and adverbial. Absolutive, sometimes called nominative, marks the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, while the oblique or ergative case marks the subjects of transitive verbs. The instrumental case can be used with a variety of prepositions, while the adverbial case, as the name suggests, gives nouns and adjectives adverbial roles.
Example: «кIалэ» (boy)
кIалэ<n><def><sg><abs> ↔ кIалэр
кIалэ<n><def><sg><obl> ↔ кIалэм
кIалэ<n><def><sg><inst> ↔ кIалэмкIэ
кIалэ<n><def><sg><adv> ↔ кIалэхэу
кIалэ<n><def><pl><abs> ↔ кIалэхэр
кIалэ<n><def><pl><obl> ↔ кIалэхэм
кIалэ<n><def><pl><inst> ↔ кIалэхэмкIэ
кIалэ<n><def><pl><adv> ↔ кIалэхэу
кIалэ<n><indef><sg><abs> ↔ кIалэ
кIалэ<n><indef><sg><obl> ↔ кIалэ
кIалэ<n><indef><sg><inst> ↔ кIалэкIэ
кIалэ<n><indef><sg><adv> ↔ кIалэу
кIалэ<n><indef><pl><abs> ↔ кIалэхэ
кIалэ<n><indef><pl><obl> ↔ кIалэхэм
кIалэ<n><indef><pl><inst> ↔ кIалэхэкIэ
кIалэ<n><indef><pl><adv> ↔ кIалэхэу
Example: «шы» (horse)
шы<n><def><sg><abs> ↔ кIалэр
шыр<n><indef><sg><obl> ↔ кIалэм
Possessives
Adyghe nouns can be marked for alienable and inalienable possession. For instance:
Pronoun and Demonstratives
Adyghe possesses an incomplete set of pronouns, in that a 3rd person pronoun does not exist per se; a demonstrative is used instead. As a result, the first and second person pronouns have acquired endings based on the demonstrative paradigm in some varieties of Adyghe.
Verbs
Adjectives
Adjectives are not formed differently from nouns.
Prepositions
Don't forget to add this to the appropriate wiki category. -JNW
