Difference between revisions of "Mixe/Grammar"

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(→‎Morphology for transitive verbs)
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mto verbs fall into two categories: invariable and variable. Invariable verbs have regular base forms that don't change when they co-occur with other morphemes. Variable verbs, however, are irregular and do change depending on surrounding morphemes. Specifically, their forms may be dependent on morphology expressing inverse, aspect, mode, and valence-changing.
 
mto verbs fall into two categories: invariable and variable. Invariable verbs have regular base forms that don't change when they co-occur with other morphemes. Variable verbs, however, are irregular and do change depending on surrounding morphemes. Specifically, their forms may be dependent on morphology expressing inverse, aspect, mode, and valence-changing.
 
*{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}|run}}
 
*{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}|run}}
−
**{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}/{{tag|irr}}{{tag|idt}}/{{tag|irr}}{{tag|dep}}|nöm}}
+
**{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|nöm}}
 +
**{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{{tag|irr}}{{tag|idt}}|nöm}}
 +
**{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|dep}}|nöm}}
 
***{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|nömï ''(run!)''}}
 
***{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|nömï ''(run!)''}}
−
**{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|idt}}/{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|idt}}|nööm}}
+
**{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|idt}}|nööm}}
 +
**{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|idt}}|nööm}}
 
***{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl_idt_iv}}|mnöömp ''(you run)''}}
 
***{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|icpl_idt_iv}}|mnöömp ''(you run)''}}
 
***{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|idt}}|mnööm ''(you ran)''}}
 
***{{morphTest|nöm{{tag|v}}{{tag|p2}}{{tag|idt}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|idt}}|mnööm ''(you ran)''}}
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*{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}|go up}}
 
*{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}|go up}}
−
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}/{{tag|irr}}{{tag|idt}}/{{tag|irr}}{{tag|dep}}|pat}}
+
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|pat}}
−
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}/{{tag|irr}}{{tag|idt}}/{{tag|irr}}{{tag|dep}}|pajt}}
+
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|idt}}|pat}}
 +
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|dep}}|pat}}
 +
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|imp}}|pajt}}
 +
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|idt}}|pajt}}
 +
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|irr}}{{tag|dep}}|pajt}}
 
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|dep}}|pet}}
 
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|icpl}}{{tag|dep}}|pet}}
 
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|dep}}|pejt}}
 
**{{morphTest|pat{{tag|v}}{{tag|cpl}}{{tag|dep}}|pejt}}

Revision as of 03:13, 28 February 2022

Useful resources

Main parts of speech

  • verbs
  • nouns (nominal phrases, glossed FN in Guzman)
    • kumöön<n> ↔ kumööntömpä (citizen) If this is a nominalised verb, it should probably be <v><nmz>. The POS can't be *both* <n> and <v>. On the other hand, this looks like derivational morphology, so only do this if it's relatively productive; otherwise, just call it <n>. -JNW
    • jäyu<n> ↔ jäyu (person)
    • limösnä<n> ↔ limösnä (alms) (very likely a Spanish loan)
  • proclitics
    • të<pro_perf> ↔ të
    • kë<pro_contrafactual> ↔ kë

not sure if proclitics and enclitics count as parts of speech, but they are sometimes written as their own words in Mixe, so...

This sort of thing is always tricky. What's the difference between the proclitics and enclitics? How is each used? -JNW

  • aspectual enclitics
    • nä<enc> ↔ nä
    • nu<enc> ↔ nu
    • tä<enc> ↔ tä
    • äni<enc> ↔ äni
    • m<enc> ↔ m
  • auxiliaries
    • kä'ä<aux> ↔ kä'ä (negative auxiliary)
    • xip<adj> ↔ xip (in there)
    • poo'p<adj> ↔ poo'p (white)
    • yëk<n><pl> ↔ yëk-käätä (black bulls)
  • determiners and demonstratives
    • jä<det> ↔ jä (the)
    • xii<dem> ↔ xii (that)
    • xää<dem> ↔ xää (that, that(distant))
  • numerals
  • post-positions

Sets of alternations or systems (grammar points)

Verbs

A couple things here. First of all, POS tags need to come firsts, then subcategory, then grammatical tags. Secondly, tag names should be kept short, ideally within 3 or 4 characters if possible. You don't need to say whether something is obligatory or not, as that's a morphotactic thing and not a syntactic thing. Also, if there are multiple properties you want to mark, separate them into separate tags. -JNW

Verbs are generally of the form: person.prefix - stem - time/aspect.suffix p.303. Like other Mixe-Zoquean languages, mto verbs are characterized as independent or dependent, which we respectively tag <idt> and <dep>. (Note that the Apertium tag <ind> marks indefiniteness, not independence.)

Still not sure if all verbs must be independent or dependent, or if a verb can be neither or unspecified.

  • näjcx<v><idt><p2> ↔ mnäjcxp (you are going)
  • vaꞌan<v><p3><fut> ↔ vyaꞌanüt (he/she will say/tell)

There are 20 possible morpheme positions for any given verb. These morphemes mark and include aspect/mood, person, negation, modals, intensifiers, valence-changers, the verb stem, adverbial, plural, inverse, still/also, completive vs incompletive vs irrealis, dependent vs independent, and aspectual enclitics (an enclitic is something like n't in English). Apertium has tense/aspect tags, but none that seem to line up with the aspects used in mto. So, we tag nonobligatory aspect morphology <asp> (for now, but I haven't yet determined whether we need to tag this). <o_sg1> is a standard Apertium tag, denoting second person singular object. <a_sg1> is first person singular agent. <its> denotes intensifier morphology. < ins > is instrumental. <inv> is inverse. <cpl> is completive aspect. <icpl> is incompletive aspect. <lex> is a lexical affix (e.g MOUTH). <apl> is applicative. <irr> is irrealis mood. <inc> is inceptive. <des> is desiderative.

  • näjcx<v><p3><pl><decisive><asp><fut> ↔ ñäjcxtinuvat (they also will go)
  • vop<v><o_sg2><dep><its><ins><inv><pl><asp><cpl> ↔ mtuntukvojpjitinï (they already hit you a lot with)
  • jöy<v><o_sg2><idt><its><its><ins><lex><apl><prs><inv><pl><irr><idt> ↔ mjää’ktuntuk’äjöyävääjnjïtup (wants to buy it from you once again)
  • kots<v><tv><a_sg1><idt><neg><its><apl><icpl><idt> ↔ nkätunkojtsjip ((people say) I really don't give advice to)
  • kotsnäx<v><tv><a_sg3><idt><inc><des><icpl><idt> ↔ kyotsnäx’ukvä’änuväämp (he/she wants to start talking)

Verbal morphology is mostly agglutinative, but some morphemes fuse, likely for phonological reasons.

  • E.G 'y-' (p3) + 'näjcx' (go) = 'ñäjcx'
    • ñäjcx<v><p3> ↔ he/she goes
    • NOTE: my current understanding is that ñäjcx can't stand alone. That is, it requires further morphemes to be grammatical.

Base verb forms

mto verbs fall into two categories: invariable and variable. Invariable verbs have regular base forms that don't change when they co-occur with other morphemes. Variable verbs, however, are irregular and do change depending on surrounding morphemes. Specifically, their forms may be dependent on morphology expressing inverse, aspect, mode, and valence-changing.

  • nöm<v> ↔ run
    • nöm<v><imp> ↔ nöm
    • nöm<v>{<irr><idt> ↔ nöm
    • nöm<v><irr><dep> ↔ nöm
      • nöm<v><imp> ↔ nömï (run!)
    • nöm<v><cpl><idt> ↔ nööm
    • nöm<v><icpl><idt> ↔ nööm
      • nöm<v><p2><idt><icpl_idt_iv> ↔ mnöömp (you run)
      • nöm<v><p2><idt><cpl><idt> ↔ mnööm (you ran)
    • nöm<v><icpl><dep> ↔ num
    • nöm<v><cpl><dep> ↔ nujm
  • pat<v> ↔ go up
    • pat<v><imp> ↔ pat
    • pat<v><irr><idt> ↔ pat
    • pat<v><irr><dep> ↔ pat
    • pat<v><imp> ↔ pajt
    • pat<v><irr><idt> ↔ pajt
    • pat<v><irr><dep> ↔ pajt
    • pat<v><icpl><dep> ↔ pet
    • pat<v><cpl><dep> ↔ pejt
  • 'oo'k<v> ↔ die
    • 'oo'k<v><imp>/<cpl><idt>/<icpl><idt>/<irr><idt>/<irr>/<dep> ↔ 'oo'k
    • 'oo'k<v><cpl><dep>/<icpl><dep> ↔ 'ëë'k

Person markers and tense/aspect markers depend on transitivity, whether it's in the "conjunctive" or "disjunctive" mode, and (for transitive verbs) whether a subject or object is being referred to.

not yet sure what the difference b/w the 2 modes are. In fact, might just replace this w something closer to Guzman's explanation -Elizabeth

Basic verb morphology (p307)
Mode Person Intransitive Transitive
Subject indicated Object indicated
Conjunctive 1 n- n- x-
2 m- x- m- -jü
3 y- tü- y- -jü
Disjunctive 1 #- n- x-
2 m- m- m- -jü
3 #- y- #- -jü

Mto is an inversely hierarchical language, meaning that a verb can't agree with more than one argument at a time, regardless of transitivity. An intransitive verb agrees with its subject. A transitive verb agrees with whichever of its arguments is highest on the following hierarchy of person features: 1st>2nd>3rd(proximate)>3rd(obviative) (Gúzman, 35). When a verb has more than one 3rd-person referent, the more salient is called proximate, and the less salient obviative.

Transitivity

Verbs are intransitive by default. They are transitivized with a person-indicating prefix. [p.304]

Transitive form
Verb Translation Person indicator
n'ixp äts 'I'm watching (something)' n-
m'ixp mits 'you're watching (something)' m-
y-ixp jë'ë 'he/she is watching (something)' y-
Intransitive form
ixp äts 'I'm watching' none
m'ixp mits 'you're watching' m-
ixp jë'ë 'he/she is watching' none

Other verb morphology (probably most useful for transducer stuff)

Using our keyboard layout, "+i currently gives Ï, not lowercase i with an umlaut. Need to double check and fix if necessary.

Need to add explanations for independent vs dependent constructions and inverse constructions and completive vs incompletive

When surface and underlying form differ, the underlying form is indicated like so: /form/.

Morphology for intransitive verbs (lack of <tv> = intransitive)

May need to change order of some of the tags, depending on whether they matter syntactically.

  • Imperative verbs
    • Imperative <imp>: -ï
      nöm<v><imp> ↔ nömï run!
      pat<v><imp> ↔ patï rise!
      nëjkx<v><imp> ↔ nëjkxï go!
  • Verbs in independent constructions
    • Incompletive <idt><icpl>: -p
      nöm<v><idt><icpl><p2> ↔ mnöömp you run/you're running
      pat<v><idt><icpl><p2> ↔ mpajtp you rise/you're rising
      nëjkx<v><idt><icpl><p2> ↔ mnëjkxp you go/you're going
    • Completive <idt><cpl>: /-W/ → Ø
      nöm<v><idt><cpl><p2> ↔ mnööm you ran
      pat<v><idt><cpl><p2> ↔ mpajt you rose
      nëjkx<v><idt><cpl><p2> ↔ mnëjkx you went
    • Irrealis <idt><irr>: -up
      nöm<v><idt><irr><p2> ↔ mnömup you will run
      pat<v><idt><irr><p2> ↔ mpatup you will rise
      nëjkx<v><idt><irr><p2> ↔ mnëjkxup you will go
  • Verbs in dependent constructions
    • Incompletive <dep><icpl>: /-I/ → Ø (construction: kä'ä=m_) -I seems to sometimes show up phonetically, but generally doesn't. I haven't yet figured out how to predict when it will or won't be pronounced. Guzman notes that she uses uppercase letters for reconstructed morphemes. Might be that this is a silent morpheme that affects surrounding morphology. Or maybe it's better analyzed as a fusional feature. I.e. to form a dependent, incompletive, intransitive verb form, you don't add a <tv><dep><inc> morpheme; rather, the verb stem itself "changes" to reflects this.)
      nöm<v><dep><icpl><p2> ↔ mnum you (don't) run/you're (not) running
      pat<v><dep><icpl><p2> ↔ mpet you (don't) rise/you're (not) rising
      nëjkx<v><dep><icpl><p2> ↔ mnïjkx you (don't) go/you're (not) going
    • Completive <dep><cpl>: /-jI/ → Ø
      nöm<v><dep><cpl><p2> ↔ mnujm you didn't run
      pat<v><dep><cpl><p2> ↔ mpejt you didn't rise
      nëjkx<v><dep><cpl><p2> ↔ mnïjkx you didn't go
    • Irrealis <dep><irr>: -ït
      nöm<v><dep><irr><p2> ↔ mnömït you will not run
      pat<v><dep><irr><p2> ↔ mpatït you will not rise
      nëjkx<v><dep><irr><p2> ↔ mnëjkxït you will not go

Morphology for transitive verbs <tv>

Should I tag transitive verbs <v><tv> or just <tv>?

  • Imperative <tv><imp>: -ï
    pää't<v><tv><imp> ↔ pää'tï find it!
    këë'ts<v><tv><imp> ↔ këë'tsï break it!
    pöx<v><tv><imp> ↔ pöxï cut it!
  • Independent constructions
    • Incompletive <tv><idt><icpl>: /-py/ → -p
      pää't<v><tv><idt><icpl><a_p2> ↔ mpäätyp you find it
      këë'ts<v><tv><idt><icpl><a_p2> ↔ mkïï'tsp you break it
      pöx<v><tv><idt><icpl><a_p2> ↔ mpujxp you cut it
      • Inverse <tv><idt><icpl><inv>: /-ju-py/ → -jup
        pää't<v><tv><idt><icpl><inv><o_p2> ↔ mpäätjup (he) finds you
      • Applicative + inverse <tv><idt><icpl><inv><apl>: /-ïx-ju-py/ → -ïx-jup
        pää't<v><tv><idt><icpl><inv><apl><o_p2> ↔ mpäätïxjup (he) finds (it) for you
    • Completive <tv><idt><cpl>: /-W/ → Ø
      pää't<v><tv><idt><cpl><a_p2> ↔ mpäät you found it
      • Inverse <tv><idt><cpl><inv>: /-ju-W/ → -ju
        pää't<v><tv><idt><cpl><inv><o_p2> ↔ mpäätju (he) found you
      • Applicative + inverse <tv><idt><cpl><inv><apl>: /-ïx-ju-W/ → -ïx-ju
        pää't<v><tv><idt><cpl><inv><apl> ↔ mpäätïxju (he) found (it) for you
    • Irrealis <tv><idt><irr>: -up
      pää't<v><tv><idt><irr><a_p2> ↔ mpää'tup you'll find it
      • Inverse <tv><idt><irr><inv>: /-ju-up/ → -jup
        pää't<v><tv> ↔ mpää'tjup (he) will find you
      • Applicative + inverse <tv><idt><irr><inv><apl>: /ïx-ju-up/ → -ïx-jup
        pää't<v><tv><idt><irr><inv><apl><o_p2> ↔ mpää'tïxjup (he) will find (it) for you
  • Dependent constructions
    • Incompletive <tv><dep><icpl>: /-I/ → Ø
      pää't<v><tv><dep><icpl><a_p2> ↔ xpää'ty (he) does (not) find you
      • Inverse <tv><dep><icpl><inv>: /ju-I/ >> -jï
        pää't<v><tv><dep><icpl><inv><o_p2> ↔ mpää'tyjï (he) does (not) find you
      • Applicative + inverse <tv><dep><icpl><inv><apl>: /ïx-ju-I/ → -ïx-jï
        pää't<v><tv><dep><icpl><inv><apl><o_p2> ↔ mpää'tïxjï (he) does (not) find (it) for you
    • Completive <tv><dep><cpl>: /-jI/ → Ø
      pää't<v><tv><dep><cpl><a_p2> ↔ xpääty you did (not) find it
      • Inverse <tv><dep><cpl><inv>: /-ju-jI/ → -ji
        pää't<v><tv><dep><cpl><inv><o_p2> ↔ mpäätji (he) did (not) find you
      • Applicative + inverse <tv><dep><cpl><inv><apl>: /ïx-ju-jI/ → -ïx-ji
        pää't<v><tv><dep><cpl><inv><apl><o_p2> ↔ mpäätïxji (he) did (not) find (it) for you
    • Irrealis <tv><dep><irr>: -ït
      pää't<v><tv><dep><irr><a_p2> ↔ xpää'tït you will (not) find (it)
      • Inverse <tv><dep><irr><inv>: /-ju-ït/ → -jït
        pää't<v><tv><dep><irr><inv><o_p2> ↔ mpää'tjït (he) will (not) find you
      • Applicative + inverse <tv><dep><irr><inv><apl>: /ïx-ju-ït/ → -ïx-jït
        pää't<v><tv><dep><irr><inv><apl><o_p2> ↔ mpää'tïxjït (he) will (not) find (it) for you,
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