Even/Grammar

Parts of Speech

• Nouns
• Verbs
• Adjectives
• Pronouns
• Numerals
• Adverbs
• Enclitic Particles
• Postpositions
• Interjections
• Onomatopoetics

Noun/Adjective Declensions

	Type 1	Type 2	Type 3	Personal	Reflexive
NOM	ду-#	хиркан-#	ду-л-#	ду-#-н	ду-#-
ACC	ду	хиркам	дулбу	дуан
DES				дуган	дугаж
DAT	дуду	хирканду	дулду	дудун	дуди
INST	дунс	хиркан	дулди	дудин	дуди
CoM	дунун	хирканун	двулнун	дунунни	дунуми
LOC	дула	хиркандула	дулдула	дулан	дулаж
PROL	дули	хиркандули	дулдули	дулин	дулиж
DIR	дутки	хиркантаки	дултаки	дуткин	дуткиж
ABL	дудук	хиркандук	дулдук	дудукун	дудуки
ELAT	дугисс	хиркаpиес	дулгис	дугидин	дугиди
DIR-L	дукла	хиркакла	дулакла	дуклан	дуклаж
DIR-P	дукли	хиркакли	дулакли	дуклин	дуклиж
EQU

Plurality

Regular nouns

(6) d’uu d’uu – l (7) oran ora – r

“house” “houses” “reindeer” “reindeers”

Irregular noun example

 aman        am-til 
(“father”)(“fathers”)

Possession Markers

d’uu – w (my house)

d’uu – s (your(singular) house)

d’uu – n (his/her/its house)

d'uu – wun (our house – including the person who is being spoken to)

d'uu - t (our house - exclusive first person plural)

d’uu – san (your(pl) house)

d’uu – tan (their house)

ev – im (my house)

ev – in (your(sg) house)

ev – i (his/her/its house)

ev – imiz (our house – Turkish has only one type of first person plural)

ev – iniz (your(pl.) house)

ev – leri (their house)

ev – iniz (your(sg.)(formal) house)

Pronoun Declensions

Case	bii I	nonjan he/she	meeni self	erek this	subject	<nom>	—	алма<n><nom> ↔ алма	гүл<n><nom> ↔ гүл
NOM	bii-#	<acc >	ны, ни, ну, нү, ды, ди, ду, дү, ты, ти, ту, тү	алма<n><acc> ↔ алманы	гүл<n><acc> ↔ гүлдү
ACC	possessor	<gen>	нын, нин, нун, нүн, дын, дин, дун, дүн, тын, тин, тун, түн	алма<n><gen> ↔ алманын	гүл<n><gen> ↔ гүлдүн
DAT	"to"	<dat>	га, го, ге, гө, ка, ко, ке, кө	алма<n><dat> ↔ алмага	гүл<n><dat> ↔ гүлгө
INST	"at, in on"	<loc>	да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө	алма<n><loc> ↔ алмада	гүл<n><loc> ↔ гүлдө
COM	"from"	<abl>	дан, дон, ден, дөн, тан, тон, тен, төн	алма<n><abl> ↔ алмадан	гүл<n><abl> ↔ гүлдөн
LOC	"at, in on"	<loc>	да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө	алма<n><loc> ↔ алмада	гүл<n><loc> ↔ гүлдө
PROL	"at, in on"	<loc>	да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө	алма<n><loc> ↔ алмада	гүл<n><loc> ↔ гүлдө
DIR	"at, in on"	<loc>	да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө	алма<n><loc> ↔ алмада	гүл<n><loc> ↔ гүлдө
ABL	"at, in on"	<loc>	да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө	алма<n><loc> ↔ алмада	гүл<n><loc> ↔ гүлдө
ELAT	"at, in on"	<loc>	да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө	алма<n><loc> ↔ алмада	гүл<n><loc> ↔ гүлдө
DIR-L	"at, in on"	<loc>	да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө	алма<n><loc> ↔ алмада	гүл<n><loc> ↔ гүлдө
DIR-P	"at, in on"	<loc>	да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө	алма<n><loc> ↔ алмада	гүл<n><loc> ↔ гүлдө
EQU	"at, in on"	<loc>	да, до, де, дө, та, то, те, тө	алма<n><loc> ↔ алмада	гүл<n><loc> ↔ гүлдө

ELAT || min-gic || nog-pid'i-n || meen-gid'-i || er-gic¢ DIR-L || mine-kle || nopa-kla-n || meene-kle-j || ere-kle DIR-P || mine-kli || noga-kli-n || meene-kli-j || ere-kli EQU || min-gecin || nog-gacin-ni || meen-gefi-mi || er-gecin

	bii T'	nogan ‘he, she’	meeni ‘self	erek ‘this’
NOM	bii-#	noga-#-n	meen-#-i	erek-#
ACC	min-u	nog-ma-n	ere-w
DAT	min-du	nogan-du-n	meen-di	e-du
INST	mine-&	nogan-d'i-n	meen-d'i	ere-&
COM	min-n'un	nog-n'un-ni	meen-n'u-mi	er-n'un
LOC	min-dule	nogan-dula-n	meen-dula-j	e-le
PROL	min-duli	nogan-duli-n	meen-duli-j	e-li
DIR	min-teki	nogan-taki-n	meen-teki-)	er-teki
ABL	min-duk	nogan-duku-n	~~ meen-duk-i	e-duk

Verbs

Present Conjugation Chart

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 haa-'know' goon- ‘say’ bi- ‘be’ 00- e- haar ‘become’ ‘not know’ SG 1 haa-ra-m gé6n-e-m bi-se-m oo-da-m e-se-m haa-r 2 haa-nri gobn-e-nri ~~ bi-se-nri oo-da-nri e-se-nri haa-r 3 haa-n gdon-ni bi-s-ni 00-d-ni e-s-ni haa-r PL 1EXC haa-r-u goon-u bi-s-u oo-d-u e-s-u haa-r 1INC haa-ra-p goon-e-p bi-se-p oo-da-p e-se-p haa-r 2 haa-s gobn-e-s bi-se-s oo-da-s e-se-s haar 3 haa-r g66n bi-s oo-d e-s-ten haa-r

Causative Tense Examples

Kad’da’k - ∅ miine – w kool – ra – n

Kad’da’k - NOM wine-ACC drink-NONFUT-3SG

“Kaddak drank the wine”

(18) Ewe – sel - ∅ Kad’da’k – u miine – w kool – ukan

Even-PL-NOM Kad’da’k-ACC wine-ACC drink-CAUS:NONFUT:3PL

“Evens made Kaddak drink the wine”

Reciprocal Tense Examples

(15) Ak – nil - ∅ aw – mat – ta

brother-PL-NOM wash-REC-NONFUT:3PL

“The brothers washed each other”

(16) Ak – nil - ∅ meer niri – l - ∅ - bur aw – mat – ta

brother-PL-NOM self’s back-PL-NOMREF POS PL wash-REC-NF3PL

“The brothers washed each other’s backs”

Adversative Tense Examples

a) Arisag - ∅ mut - tule em - re - n

ghost-NOM we-LOC come-NONFUT-3SG

"The ghost came to us"

(b) Mut - ∅ arisag - du eme - w - re - p

we-NOM ghost-DAT come-AD-NONFUT-1PL

"A ghost came to us, we were negatively affected"

The adversative form can also be used to form passive sentences:

(20) Nugde - ∅ etike – m maa – n

bear-NOM old man-ACC kill-NONFUT:3SC

“The bear killed the old man”

(21) Etiken - ∅ nugde-du maa - w – ra – n

old man-NOM bear-DAT kill-AD-NONFUT-3SG

“The old man was killed by the bear”

Subject Agreement Endings

1st singular -m

2nd singular -nri

3rd singular -n / -ni

1st plural (exclusive) -ru / -u 1st plural (inclusive) -p

2nd plural -s

3rd plural -r

Participles

22) a. Em-¢e bej-# géon-ni come-PERF PART man-NOM say-NONFUT:35G ‘The man who had come said’

b. Etiken em-&e-we-n haa-ra-m old man come-PERF PART-ACC-3SG know-NONFUT-18G '(I) know that the old man has come’

c. Bii-# em-Ce bi-se-m I-NOM come-PERF PART be-NONFUT-1SG 'T have (already) come’

Converbs

(27) Em-reke-n goon-d'i-m come-COND CON-3SG say-FUT-1SG 'Iffwhen (s)he comes, (I) shall tell’;

9) the past converb in - gsi -, normally referring to a habitual event in the past simultaneous to the primary event:

(28) Hupkuéi-psi-j d'uu-#-j hood gele-ri-w study-PAST CON-REF POS house-NOM-REF POS very miss-PAST-1SG "When (1) studied, (I) missed my home very much’;

10) the purposive converb in -da-/-de-:

(29) Goo-li tag-da-n say-IMP:2SG read-PURP CON-38G ‘Tell him to read’;

11) the negative terminative form in -dle- is attached only to the negative auxiliary verbe- :

(30) Hin e-dle-s em-re e-le bi-d'i-m your not do-NEG TERM CON-2SG come-NEG CON this-LOC be-FUT-1SG '(I) shall stay here until you come’