Kaingang and Portuguese/Contrastive Grammar

Five constrastive differences between Portuguese and Kaingang are:

1) Portuguese has gendered nouns, and Kaingang does not.

2) Kaingang has subject markers, and Portuguese does not.

3) Tense is expressed in the verb in Portuguese, and not in Kaingang.

4) Aspect is marked via a verb marker in Kaingang, and is expressed in the noun in Portuguese.

5) Kaingang has post-positions, Portuguese has pre-positions.