Urum and English/Contrastive Grammar
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(UUM ‣ ENG) Contrastive Grammar Evaluation
Using the ten sentences with all stems translated from the lexical transfer assignment, identify at least five differences between the two languages, trying to cover a range of phenomena (e.g., don't make everything about nouns).
Example 1 (Verb Pronoun Marking)
In Urum, verbs are agglutinative. In order to translate correctly into English, we need to create a pronoun from the case of the verb.
- (uum) → (eng) (I) find
- (uum) ал<v><tv><pres>{<p1><sg> → (eng) I<prn><subj><p1><m><sg>find<vblex><pres>
- (uum) → (eng) (we) find
- (uum) ал<v><tv><pres><p1><pl> → (eng) we<prn><subj><p1><mf><pl>find<vblex><pres>
- (uum) → (eng) (he) finds
- (uum) ал<v><tv><pres><p3><sg> → (eng) he<prn><subj><p3><m><sg> find<vblex><pres>
- (uum) → (eng) (they) find
- (uum) ал<v><tv><pres><p3><pl> → (eng) they<prn><subj><p3><mf><pl>find<vblex><pres>
Example 2 (Verb Past-Tense)
In Urum, verbs are agglutinative. In order to translate correctly into English, we need to extract the past-tense tags/markers.
- (uum) → (eng) (he) found
- (uum) булду<v><tv><past><p3><sg> → (eng) he<prn><p3><m><sg>find<vblex><past>
- (uum) → (eng) (he) stayed
- (uum) алды<v><tv><past><p3><sg> → (eng) he<prn><p3><m><sg>stay<vblex><past>
- (uum) → (eng) (he) saw
- (uum) кӧрдӱ<v><tv><past><p3><sg> → (eng) he<prn><p3><m><sg> see<vblex><past>
- (uum) → (eng) (he) put
- (uum) хойду<v><tv><past><p3><sg> → (eng) he<prn><p3><m><sg>put<vblex><past>
Example 3 (Verb Negativity)
In Urum, verbs are agglutinative. In order to translate correctly into English, we need to extract the negativity (in conjunction with past from the previous examples).
- (uum) → (eng) (he) did not find
- (uum) булмады<v><tv><neg><past><p3><sg> → (eng) he<prn><p3><m><sg>did<vblex><past>not<adv> find<vblex><pres>
- (uum) → (eng) (he) did not stay
- (uum) алмады<v><tv><neg><past><p3><sg> → (eng) he<prn><p3><m><sg>did<vblex><past>not<adv> stay<vblex><pres>
- (uum) → (eng) (he) did not see
- (uum) кӧрмеди<v><tv><neg><past><p3><sg> → (eng) he<prn><p3><m><sg>did<vblex><past>not<adv> see<vblex><pres>
- (uum) → (eng) (he) did not put
- (uum) хоймады<v><tv><neg><past><p3><sg> → (eng) he<prn><p3><m><sg>did<vblex><past>not<adv> put<vblex><pres>
Example 4 (Ablative Case)
In Urum, verbs are agglutinative. In order to translate correctly into English, we need to create a preposition from the case of the verb.
- (uum) → (eng) (from) sky
- (uum) кӧк<n><abl> → (eng) from<pr>sky<n><sg>
- (uum) → (eng) (from) market
- (uum) базар<n><abl> → (eng) from<pr>market<n><sg>
- (uum) → (eng) (from) factory
- (uum) завот<n><abl> → (eng) from<pr>factory<n><sg>
- (uum) → (eng) (from) village
- (uum) кӧй<n><abl> → (eng) from<pr>village<n><sg>
Example 5 (Locative Case)
In Urum, verbs are agglutinative. In order to translate correctly into English, we need to create a preposition from the case of the verb.
- (uum) → (eng) (in) sky
- (uum) бахчы<n><loc> → (eng) in<pr>sky<n><sg>
- (uum) → (eng) (at) market
- (uum) базар<n><loc> → (eng) at<pr>market<n><sg>
- (uum) → (eng) (at) factory
- (uum) завот<n><loc> → (eng) at<pr>factory<n><sg>
- (uum) → (eng) (at) village
- (uum) кӧй<n><loc> → (eng) at<pr>village<n><sg>
