Difference between revisions of "Kalmyk and Judeo-Tat/Contrastive Grammar"

Revision as of 22:03, 10 April 2017

Resources for machine translation between Judeo-Tat and Kalmyk

Kalmyk uses the dative(dative-locative) case to mark nouns that indicate location and answer the question "where?". The dative case in Judeo-Tat accomplishes the functions of the dative and the accusative cases in Kalmyk.
For the genitive construction ('s/of), Kalmyk uses the genitive marker on the noun. Judeo-Tat has several strategies for doing this, but the most common one seems to be using "э" (of).

(jdt) хьэсуьл омори имбуруз э шегьэр шагь Довид → (xal) эндр Давид хаана төрскн хотнд "today in the town of David (meaning is closer to 'town where (King) David was born')"
(jdt) хьэсуьл<n> омори<v> имбуруз<n> э<abl> шегьэр<n> шагь <n> Довид<np> → (xal) эндр<n><sg> Давид<np> хаана<n><gen> төрскн<n><sg> хотнд<n><dat>

Another strategy for genitive construction in Judeo-Tat is adding и to form a compound word. In Kalmyk, the genitive construction is always consistent (attaching the genitive suffix).

(jdt) зен ени мерд → (xal) эн күнə гергн "this man's wife"
(jdt) зен<n><sg> ен<pr>+и<det><dom> мерд<n><sg> → (xal) эн <adj> күнə <n><gen> гергн<n><sg>

There are two ways to indicate possession in Kalmyk: using a pronoun before the noun, and attaching a possessive suffix to the noun (this example uses the latter method). Judeo-Tat only uses pronouns for possession.
Judeo-Tat uses a copula suffix to indicate the meaning "is." There is no such strategy in Kalmyk.

(jdt) дусдмере нуми Довид → (xal) нәәҗинм нерн Давид "friend's name is David"
(jdt) дусдмере<n><p1><sg><dat> нуми<n><cop><p3> Довид<np><ant><m> → (xal) нәәҗинм<n><gen><px1sg> нерн<n><sg> Давид<np><ant><m>

(xal) Давид хаана төрскн хотнд → (jdt) хьэсуьл омори имбуруз э шегьэр шагь Довид "the town of David"
(xal) Давид<np> хаана<n><gen> төрскн<n> хотнд<n><dat> → (jdt) хьэсуьл<n> омори<v> имбуруз<n> э<abl> шегьэр<n> шагь <n> <n> Довид<np>
(xal) эн дөрвдгч өдрнь → (jdt) е чор руз "a/this fourth day"
(xal) эн <adj> дөрвдгч <num><ord> өдрнь<n><px3sp> → (jdt) е<adv> чор<num> руз<n>
(xal) тер үүдн хаав → (jdt) дер ез сэхд сохд "he closed the door"
(xal) тер<prn><pers> үүдн<n> хаав<v><pret> → (jdt) дер<n> ез<abl> сэхд<n> сохд<v><aor><sg><p3>

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 :*{{transferTest|jdt|xal|хьэсуьл омори имбуруз э шегьэр шагь Довид|эндр Давид хаана төрскн хотнд}} "today in the town of David (meaning is closer to 'town where (King) David was born')"
 :*: {{transferMorphTest|jdt|xal|хьэсуьл{{tag|n}} омори{{tag|v}} имбуруз{{tag|n}} э{{tag|abl}} шегьэр{{tag|n}} шагь {{tag|n}} Довид{{tag|np}}|эндр{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} Давид{{tag|np}} хаана{{tag|n}}{{tag|gen}} төрскн{{tag|n}}{{tag|sg}} хотнд{{tag|n}}{{tag|dat}}}}
-* To indicate ordinal numbers, Kalmyk attaches a suffix to the cardinal form. Judeo-Tat does not have a specified ordinal form for numbers. [TODO]
-:* {{transferTest|jdt|xal|е чор руз|эн дөрвдгч өдрнь}} "(jdt) a fourth day (xal) this fourth day"
-:*: {{transferMorphTest|jdt|xal|е{{tag|adv}} чор{{tag|num}} руз{{tag|n}}|эн {{tag|adj}} дөрвдгч {{tag|num}}{{tag|ord}} өдрнь{{tag|n}}{{tag|px3sp}}}}
 * Another strategy for genitive construction in Judeo-Tat is adding и to form a compound word. In Kalmyk, the genitive construction is always consistent (attaching the genitive suffix).